[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":667},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:tipping-fee":45,"glossary-related:tipping-fee":143},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":51,"category":125,"description":126,"extension":127,"meta":128,"navigation":129,"path":130,"relatedTerms":131,"seo":134,"sources":137,"stem":141,"term":47,"__hash__":142},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Ftipping-fee.md","Tipping fee",[49,50],"gate fee","waste-acceptance fee",{"type":52,"value":53,"toc":118},"minimark",[54,73,78,81,85,93,97],[55,56,57,58,62,63,66,67,72],"p",{},"A ",[59,60,61],"strong",{},"tipping fee"," (also ",[64,65,49],"em",{},") is the per-tonne payment a ",[68,69,71],"a",{"href":70},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","waste-to-energy"," plant receives from waste-collection authorities or commercial producers for accepting waste. Tipping fees typically range from £50–£140 per tonne in the UK and €50–€150 across the EU, with substantial regional variation driven by landfill availability and tax policy.",[74,75,77],"h2",{"id":76},"why-tipping-fees-matter-for-plant-operations","Why tipping fees matter for plant operations",[55,79,80],{},"A WtE plant's revenue stream is dominated by tipping fees — electricity sale is normally secondary. A 600,000 t\u002Fyr plant earning £90\u002Ft in tipping fees generates £54 million per year from waste acceptance alone. Plant availability targets (often > 7,500 operating hours per year, > 85% capacity factor) exist primarily to protect tipping-fee revenue.",[74,82,84],{"id":83},"implications-for-cleaning","Implications for cleaning",[55,86,87,88,92],{},"Any cleaning system that defers unplanned shutdowns has an unusually high return at a WtE plant because every day offline destroys tipping-fee revenue at the plant's full rated throughput. ",[68,89,91],{"href":90},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horns"," installed on the convective pass and SCR pay back inside the first avoided derate event.",[74,94,96],{"id":95},"related-terms","Related terms",[98,99,100,106,112],"ul",{},[101,102,103],"li",{},[68,104,105],{"href":70},"Waste-to-energy",[101,107,108],{},[68,109,111],{"href":110},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fmunicipal-solid-waste","Municipal solid waste (MSW)",[101,113,114],{},[68,115,117],{"href":116},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf","RDF \u002F SRF \u002F TDF",{"title":119,"searchDepth":120,"depth":120,"links":121},"",2,[122,123,124],{"id":76,"depth":120,"text":77},{"id":83,"depth":120,"text":84},{"id":95,"depth":120,"text":96},"wte-biomass","A tipping fee (also gate fee) is the per-tonne payment a waste-to-energy plant receives from waste-collection authorities or commercial producers for accepting waste. Tipping fees typically range from £50–£140 per tonne in the UK and €50–€150 across the EU, with substantial regional variation driven by landfill availability and tax policy.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftipping-fee",[71,132,133],"municipal-solid-waste","rdf-srf-tdf",{"title":135,"description":136},"Tipping fee — payment for accepting waste at a WtE plant","A tipping fee is the per-tonne payment a WtE plant receives for accepting waste. Tipping fees usually underwrite the plant's economics; availability targets are tied to fee revenue.",[138],{"title":139,"url":140},"Wikipedia — Waste-to-energy","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWaste-to-energy","glossary\u002Ftipping-fee","J5gvx4Indsd5Vl7WbO4qhWZ044nakZCYLo9PmR6HcBE",[144,339,498],{"id":145,"title":146,"aliases":147,"body":152,"category":125,"description":323,"extension":127,"meta":324,"navigation":129,"path":70,"relatedTerms":325,"seo":329,"sources":332,"stem":337,"term":105,"__hash__":338},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy.md","Waste-to-energy (WtE \u002F EfW)",[148,149,150,151],"WtE","EfW","energy-from-waste","MSW incineration",{"type":52,"value":153,"toc":318},[154,176,202,206,209,238,251,255,290,292],[55,155,156,159,160,163,164,167,168,171,172,175],{},[59,157,158],{},"Waste-to-energy (WtE)"," — equivalently ",[64,161,162],{},"energy-from-waste (EfW)"," — burns ",[68,165,166],{"href":110},"municipal solid waste (MSW)",", ",[68,169,170],{"href":116},"RDF, SRF and TDF",", commercial waste and some industrial waste streams to generate steam and electricity. WtE is the fastest-growing application for industrial ",[68,173,174],{"href":90},"sonic horns"," worldwide, driven by:",[98,177,178,184,190,196],{},[101,179,180,183],{},[59,181,182],{},"EU policy"," — landfill diversion targets, EU ETS extension to WtE from 2028",[101,185,186,189],{},[59,187,188],{},"UK"," — recent tightening of criteria for new WtE plants raises operating-efficiency expectations",[101,191,192,195],{},[59,193,194],{},"EPC pipeline"," — major projects from Hitachi Zosen Inova \u002F Kanadevia Inova, Babcock & Wilcox Vølund, Paprec Énergies, Keppel Seghers, ANDRITZ, Valmet",[101,197,198,201],{},[59,199,200],{},"Operator economics"," — tipping fees underwrite high-availability targets",[74,203,205],{"id":204},"why-wte-is-uniquely-fouling-prone","Why WtE is uniquely fouling-prone",[55,207,208],{},"Three converging factors make WtE boilers harder to clean than conventional fossil-fuel plants:",[98,210,211,222,232],{},[101,212,213,216,217,221],{},[59,214,215],{},"High chlorine content"," in waste fuels → ",[68,218,220],{"href":219},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fchloride-induced-corrosion","chloride corrosion"," and sticky deposits",[101,223,224,227,228],{},[59,225,226],{},"High alkali content"," (Na, K from food, paper, biomass fractions) → ",[68,229,231],{"href":230},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-melt-sticky-ash","low-melt sticky ash",[101,233,234,237],{},[59,235,236],{},"Variable fuel composition"," → unpredictable fouling intensity",[55,239,240,241,245,246,250],{},"Conventional steam ",[68,242,244],{"href":243},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","sootblowing"," accelerates ",[68,247,249],{"href":248},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftube-erosion-tube-wastage","tube wastage"," on the chloride-rich, low-melt deposits typical of WtE; acoustic cleaning is the safer alternative.",[74,252,254],{"id":253},"where-sonic-horns-sit-in-wte-plants","Where sonic horns sit in WtE plants",[98,256,257,263,274,280,285],{},[101,258,259,262],{},[59,260,261],{},"Boiler convective pass"," — superheater, evaporator, economiser tube banks",[101,264,265,268,269,273],{},[59,266,267],{},"SCR catalyst layers"," — high-dust ",[68,270,272],{"href":271},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR"," on WtE",[101,275,276,279],{},[59,277,278],{},"Flue-gas ducting"," between boiler and treatment train",[101,281,282],{},[59,283,284],{},"Bag-filter compartments and hoppers",[101,286,287],{},[59,288,289],{},"Bottom-ash and fly-ash hoppers",[74,291,96],{"id":95},[98,293,294,298,302,308,313],{},[101,295,296],{},[68,297,111],{"href":110},[101,299,300],{},[68,301,117],{"href":116},[101,303,304],{},[68,305,307],{"href":306},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fgrate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator","Grate-fired boiler \u002F mass-burn incinerator",[101,309,310],{},[68,311,312],{"href":219},"Chloride-induced corrosion",[101,314,315],{},[68,316,317],{"href":90},"Sonic horn",{"title":119,"searchDepth":120,"depth":120,"links":319},[320,321,322],{"id":204,"depth":120,"text":205},{"id":253,"depth":120,"text":254},{"id":95,"depth":120,"text":96},"Waste-to-energy (WtE) — equivalently energy-from-waste (EfW) — burns municipal solid waste (MSW), RDF, SRF and TDF, commercial waste and some industrial waste streams to generate steam and electricity. WtE is the fastest-growing application for industrial sonic horns worldwide, driven by:",{},[132,133,326,327,328],"grate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator","chloride-induced-corrosion","sonic-horn",{"title":330,"description":331},"Waste-to-energy (WtE \u002F EfW) — fastest-growing sonic-horn market","WtE plants burn municipal solid waste, RDF, SRF and biomass to generate steam and electricity. Sticky chloride-rich ash defeats conventional cleaning; sonic horns are the dominant fit.",[333,334],{"title":139,"url":140},{"title":335,"url":336},"ESWET — UK tightens criteria for new waste-to-energy plants","https:\u002F\u002Feswet.eu\u002Fuk-government-tightens-criteria-for-new-waste-to-energy-plants\u002F","glossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","n1jacm4CfEzWzKgFtb3zWUtawVRCvFMnoypq0mxk6h8",{"id":340,"title":111,"aliases":341,"body":345,"category":125,"description":484,"extension":127,"meta":485,"navigation":129,"path":110,"relatedTerms":486,"seo":488,"sources":491,"stem":495,"term":496,"__hash__":497},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fmunicipal-solid-waste.md",[342,343,344],"MSW","household waste","residual waste",{"type":52,"value":346,"toc":479},[347,355,359,442,445,449,458,460],[55,348,349,351,352,354],{},[59,350,111],{}," is mixed household and commercial waste — the primary fuel for mass-burn ",[68,353,71],{"href":70}," plants. Composition varies daily and seasonally with the source catchment area, weather, recycling rates and economic activity, and that variability translates directly into variable fouling behaviour in the boiler.",[74,356,358],{"id":357},"typical-composition-mass","Typical composition (mass %)",[360,361,362,375],"table",{},[363,364,365],"thead",{},[366,367,368,372],"tr",{},[369,370,371],"th",{},"Fraction",[369,373,374],{},"Approximate share",[376,377,378,387,395,403,411,419,427,435],"tbody",{},[366,379,380,384],{},[381,382,383],"td",{},"Paper and card",[381,385,386],{},"20–30%",[366,388,389,392],{},[381,390,391],{},"Food waste",[381,393,394],{},"15–25%",[366,396,397,400],{},[381,398,399],{},"Plastics",[381,401,402],{},"10–15%",[366,404,405,408],{},[381,406,407],{},"Wood and garden waste",[381,409,410],{},"5–15%",[366,412,413,416],{},[381,414,415],{},"Textiles",[381,417,418],{},"3–7%",[366,420,421,424],{},[381,422,423],{},"Glass",[381,425,426],{},"3–8%",[366,428,429,432],{},[381,430,431],{},"Metals",[381,433,434],{},"2–5%",[366,436,437,440],{},[381,438,439],{},"Inerts \u002F fines",[381,441,410],{},[55,443,444],{},"The plastics fraction is the dominant source of chlorine, the food fraction contributes alkali and moisture, and the inerts pass through as bottom ash.",[74,446,448],{"id":447},"composition-variability-and-operations","Composition variability and operations",[55,450,451,452,454,455,457],{},"WtE operators see daily swings of 10–20% in calorific value and 30%+ in chlorine loading. This variability defeats steady-state combustion control and produces episodic ",[68,453,231],{"href":230}," events. Active ",[68,456,328],{"href":90}," cleaning that can ride through these events without operator intervention is one of the underlying reasons acoustic horns are increasingly the default cleaning specification on new WtE plants.",[74,459,96],{"id":95},[98,461,462,466,470,474],{},[101,463,464],{},[68,465,105],{"href":70},[101,467,468],{},[68,469,117],{"href":116},[101,471,472],{},[68,473,307],{"href":306},[101,475,476],{},[68,477,478],{"href":230},"Low-melt sticky ash",{"title":119,"searchDepth":120,"depth":120,"links":480},[481,482,483],{"id":357,"depth":120,"text":358},{"id":447,"depth":120,"text":448},{"id":95,"depth":120,"text":96},"Municipal solid waste (MSW) is mixed household and commercial waste — the primary fuel for mass-burn waste-to-energy plants. Composition varies daily and seasonally with the source catchment area, weather, recycling rates and economic activity, and that variability translates directly into variable fouling behaviour in the boiler.",{},[71,133,326,487],"low-melt-sticky-ash",{"title":489,"description":490},"Municipal solid waste (MSW) — household and commercial waste as boiler fuel","MSW is mixed household and commercial waste — the primary fuel for mass-burn WtE plants. Variable composition produces variable fouling and ash chemistry.",[492],{"title":493,"url":494},"Wikipedia — Municipal solid waste","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMunicipal_solid_waste","glossary\u002Fmunicipal-solid-waste","Municipal solid waste","3__oVHZu8gXIV0vsizj806gZP5gLiYK7SEWOviQUFQo",{"id":499,"title":117,"aliases":500,"body":507,"category":652,"description":653,"extension":127,"meta":654,"navigation":129,"path":116,"relatedTerms":655,"seo":658,"sources":661,"stem":665,"term":170,"__hash__":666},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf.md",[501,502,503,504,505,506],"refuse-derived fuel","solid recovered fuel","tyre-derived fuel","RDF","SRF","TDF",{"type":52,"value":508,"toc":647},[509,527,595,599,616,620,628,630],[55,510,511,167,513,515,516,518,519,523,524,526],{},[59,512,504],{},[59,514,505],{}," and ",[59,517,506],{}," are the three dominant waste-derived ",[68,520,522],{"href":521},"\u002Fglossary\u002Falternative-fuel","alternative fuels"," used in cement kilns, ",[68,525,71],{"href":70}," plants and industrial boilers.",[360,528,529,545],{},[363,530,531],{},[366,532,533,536,539,542],{},[369,534,535],{},"Fuel",[369,537,538],{},"Source",[369,540,541],{},"Specification",[369,543,544],{},"Calorific value",[376,546,547,563,579],{},[366,548,549,554,557,560],{},[381,550,551,553],{},[59,552,504],{}," (Refuse-Derived Fuel)",[381,555,556],{},"Municipal solid waste, lightly processed",[381,558,559],{},"Loose, no formal CEN\u002FTS specification",[381,561,562],{},"12–18 MJ\u002Fkg",[366,564,565,570,573,576],{},[381,566,567,569],{},[59,568,505],{}," (Solid Recovered Fuel)",[381,571,572],{},"MSW + commercial waste, processed to CEN\u002FTS 15359 spec",[381,574,575],{},"Defined particle size, ash content, calorific value, Cl, Hg",[381,577,578],{},"15–20 MJ\u002Fkg",[366,580,581,586,589,592],{},[381,582,583,585],{},[59,584,506],{}," (Tyre-Derived Fuel)",[381,587,588],{},"End-of-life tyres, shredded",[381,590,591],{},"Shred-size grade or whole-tyre",[381,593,594],{},"28–35 MJ\u002Fkg",[74,596,598],{"id":597},"trade-offs","Trade-offs",[98,600,601,606,611],{},[101,602,603,605],{},[59,604,504],{},": cheap, high availability, variable composition; high chlorine swings",[101,607,608,610],{},[59,609,505],{},": more consistent and predictable than RDF; commands premium gate fees",[101,612,613,615],{},[59,614,506],{},": very high calorific value, supplies iron and sulphur to clinker chemistry; rubber-handling logistics",[74,617,619],{"id":618},"fouling-implications","Fouling implications",[55,621,622,623,627],{},"All three add chlorine, sulphur and alkali metals beyond what fossil coal contributes. The chloride loading from chlorinated plastics in RDF \u002F SRF is the dominant driver of ",[68,624,626],{"href":625},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fchloride-bypass","chloride-bypass"," sizing. TDF adds zinc and iron oxides that can affect clinker chemistry.",[74,629,96],{"id":95},[98,631,632,637,643],{},[101,633,634],{},[68,635,636],{"href":521},"Alternative fuel (AFR)",[101,638,639],{},[68,640,642],{"href":641},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fthermal-substitution-rate","Thermal substitution rate (TSR)",[101,644,645],{},[68,646,105],{"href":70},{"title":119,"searchDepth":120,"depth":120,"links":648},[649,650,651],{"id":597,"depth":120,"text":598},{"id":618,"depth":120,"text":619},{"id":95,"depth":120,"text":96},"cement","RDF, SRF and TDF are the three dominant waste-derived alternative fuels used in cement kilns, waste-to-energy plants and industrial boilers.",{},[656,657,71],"alternative-fuel","thermal-substitution-rate",{"title":659,"description":660},"RDF, SRF and TDF — the three main waste-derived alternative fuels","RDF (refuse-derived fuel), SRF (solid recovered fuel, higher spec) and TDF (tyre-derived fuel) are the three dominant waste-derived alternative fuels for cement kilns and WtE boilers.",[662],{"title":663,"url":664},"Wikipedia — Refuse-derived fuel","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRefuse-derived_fuel","glossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf","RoQpf87g_jG3WY3RTYBUUo8tH9DaZr_5iiSblH89SVk",1782613760423]