[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":565},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:standing-wave":45,"glossary-related:standing-wave":137},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":51,"category":119,"description":120,"extension":121,"meta":122,"navigation":123,"path":124,"relatedTerms":125,"seo":128,"sources":131,"stem":135,"term":47,"__hash__":136},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fstanding-wave.md","Standing wave",[49,50],"stationary wave","acoustic standing wave",{"type":52,"value":53,"toc":112},"minimark",[54,69,74,77,81,87,91],[55,56,57,58,62,63,68],"p",{},"A ",[59,60,61],"strong",{},"standing wave"," is the stationary interference pattern produced when an outgoing sound wave overlaps with its reflection from a vessel boundary. Pressure does not propagate; instead it oscillates in fixed positions of high amplitude (antinodes) separated by positions of zero amplitude (nodes) spaced one half-",[64,65,67],"a",{"href":66},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwavelength","wavelength"," apart.",[70,71,73],"h2",{"id":72},"implications-for-cleaning","Implications for cleaning",[55,75,76],{},"Cleaning energy is delivered at antinodes; nodes do almost nothing. In a vessel small enough for standing waves to form, a single horn can leave predictable dead zones where deposits continue to build. Multi-horn array design, off-axis mounting and dithering the firing sequence are the practical countermeasures.",[70,78,80],{"id":79},"when-standing-waves-dominate","When standing waves dominate",[55,82,83,84,86],{},"Standing-wave behaviour is strongest in vessels whose internal dimensions are comparable to the ",[64,85,67],{"href":66},". A 60 Hz horn (λ ≈ 5.7 m) interacts strongly with vessels of similar size; in much larger vessels the wave is too small to form clean standing patterns and the energy distribution is closer to a free-field projection.",[70,88,90],{"id":89},"related-terms","Related terms",[92,93,94,100,106],"ul",{},[95,96,97],"li",{},[64,98,99],{"href":66},"Wavelength",[95,101,102],{},[64,103,105],{"href":104},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fresonance","Resonance",[95,107,108],{},[64,109,111],{"href":110},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffrequency","Frequency",{"title":113,"searchDepth":114,"depth":114,"links":115},"",2,[116,117,118],{"id":72,"depth":114,"text":73},{"id":79,"depth":114,"text":80},{"id":89,"depth":114,"text":90},"acoustics-physics","A standing wave is the stationary interference pattern produced when an outgoing sound wave overlaps with its reflection from a vessel boundary. Pressure does not propagate; instead it oscillates in fixed positions of high amplitude (antinodes) separated by positions of zero amplitude (nodes) spaced one half-wavelength apart.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fstanding-wave",[67,126,127],"resonance","frequency",{"title":129,"description":130},"Standing wave — nodes, antinodes and dead zones in acoustic cleaning","A standing wave is a stationary interference pattern that creates nodes (zero pressure, low cleaning) and antinodes (peak pressure, high cleaning). Horn placement is designed to minimise dead zones.",[132],{"title":133,"url":134},"Wikipedia — Standing wave","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FStanding_wave","glossary\u002Fstanding-wave","r4uiQNwZZceASKQLW10T_BDr4ZgzTjnX2iedM8gibak",[138,301,387],{"id":139,"title":99,"aliases":140,"body":143,"category":119,"description":285,"extension":121,"meta":286,"navigation":123,"path":66,"relatedTerms":287,"seo":292,"sources":295,"stem":299,"term":99,"__hash__":300},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fwavelength.md",[141,142],"acoustic wavelength","sound wavelength",{"type":52,"value":144,"toc":280},[145,153,157,232,235,239,252,254],[55,146,147,149,150,152],{},[59,148,99],{}," is the spatial distance over which one full cycle of a wave repeats. It is calculated as λ = c \u002F f, where c is the speed of sound in the medium (~343 m\u002Fs in air at 20 °C) and f is the ",[64,151,127],{"href":110}," in hertz. For industrial acoustic cleaning the wavelength is the single most informative dimension because it predicts how the horn's sound field will fill the vessel.",[70,154,156],{"id":155},"wavelengths-for-industrial-sonic-horns","Wavelengths for industrial sonic horns",[158,159,160,172],"table",{},[161,162,163],"thead",{},[164,165,166,169],"tr",{},[167,168,111],"th",{},[167,170,171],{},"Wavelength in air at 20 °C",[173,174,175,184,192,200,208,216,224],"tbody",{},[164,176,177,181],{},[178,179,180],"td",{},"12 Hz",[178,182,183],{},"~28 m",[164,185,186,189],{},[178,187,188],{},"30 Hz",[178,190,191],{},"~11 m",[164,193,194,197],{},[178,195,196],{},"60 Hz",[178,198,199],{},"~5.7 m",[164,201,202,205],{},[178,203,204],{},"75 Hz",[178,206,207],{},"~4.6 m",[164,209,210,213],{},[178,211,212],{},"125 Hz",[178,214,215],{},"~2.7 m",[164,217,218,221],{},[178,219,220],{},"230 Hz",[178,222,223],{},"~1.5 m",[164,225,226,229],{},[178,227,228],{},"400 Hz",[178,230,231],{},"~0.85 m",[55,233,234],{},"Wavelengths in hot flue gas are longer than in cool air because the speed of sound rises with temperature — at 200 °C the speed of sound is about 436 m\u002Fs, stretching a 75 Hz wave to roughly 5.8 m.",[70,236,238],{"id":237},"why-long-wavelengths-penetrate-further","Why long wavelengths penetrate further",[55,240,241,242,246,247,251],{},"Acoustic energy diffracts efficiently around obstructions smaller than its wavelength. A 5-metre 60 Hz wave bends around tube rows, electrode spacings and baffles that would scatter or absorb a 1-metre 350 Hz wave. This is the underlying physics of why ",[64,243,245],{"href":244},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","low-frequency acoustic cleaners"," clean large open vessels better than ",[64,248,250],{"href":249},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency"," units.",[70,253,90],{"id":89},[92,255,256,260,266,270,275],{},[95,257,258],{},[64,259,111],{"href":110},[95,261,262],{},[64,263,265],{"href":264},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsound-pressure-level","Sound pressure level",[95,267,268],{},[64,269,47],{"href":124},[95,271,272],{},[64,273,274],{"href":244},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner",[95,276,277],{},[64,278,279],{"href":249},"High-frequency acoustic cleaner",{"title":113,"searchDepth":114,"depth":114,"links":281},[282,283,284],{"id":155,"depth":114,"text":156},{"id":237,"depth":114,"text":238},{"id":89,"depth":114,"text":90},"Wavelength is the spatial distance over which one full cycle of a wave repeats. It is calculated as λ = c \u002F f, where c is the speed of sound in the medium (~343 m\u002Fs in air at 20 °C) and f is the frequency in hertz. For industrial acoustic cleaning the wavelength is the single most informative dimension because it predicts how the horn's sound field will fill the vessel.",{},[127,288,289,290,291],"sound-pressure-level","standing-wave","low-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":293,"description":294},"Wavelength — how long is a sonic horn's wave inside a vessel?","Wavelength is the distance a sound wave travels in one cycle. At 60 Hz in air a wave is 5.7 m long; at 400 Hz it is 0.85 m. Wavelength governs how far a sonic horn's cleaning reach extends.",[296],{"title":297,"url":298},"Wikipedia — Wavelength","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWavelength","glossary\u002Fwavelength","yrWaX9232a1ZSNJwMET2GxJuJPt98k9__zwmIHdRPuk",{"id":302,"title":105,"aliases":303,"body":306,"category":119,"description":372,"extension":121,"meta":373,"navigation":123,"path":104,"relatedTerms":374,"seo":378,"sources":381,"stem":385,"term":105,"__hash__":386},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fresonance.md",[304,305],"resonant frequency","acoustic resonance",{"type":52,"value":307,"toc":368},[308,318,322,328,344,346],[55,309,310,312,313,317],{},[59,311,105],{}," is the amplification of vibration that occurs when a driving frequency matches a natural mode of a system. It is the mechanism by which a ",[64,314,316],{"href":315},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","diaphragm horn"," sustains 140–180 dB output from modest pneumatic input — the diaphragm and bell are tuned so the driving pressure pulse hits their natural frequency.",[70,319,321],{"id":320},"two-faces-in-industrial-cleaning","Two faces in industrial cleaning",[55,323,324,327],{},[59,325,326],{},"Useful resonance."," The horn itself; matching certain horn fundamentals to the bulk dimensions of a cleaning target so the sound field fills the vessel uniformly.",[55,329,330,333,334,338,339,343],{},[59,331,332],{},"Hazardous resonance."," Tube banks, fan blades, duct walls and damper assemblies all have their own natural frequencies. If a sonic horn's ",[64,335,337],{"href":336},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffundamental-frequency","fundamental"," or one of its ",[64,340,342],{"href":341},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fharmonic","harmonics"," coincides with a structural mode, sustained vibration can fatigue welds or loosen fixings. Multi-horn installation design routinely includes a vibration check against the equipment's modal map.",[70,345,90],{"id":89},[92,347,348,353,358,362],{},[95,349,350],{},[64,351,352],{"href":336},"Fundamental frequency",[95,354,355],{},[64,356,357],{"href":341},"Harmonic",[95,359,360],{},[64,361,47],{"href":124},[95,363,364],{},[64,365,367],{"href":366},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horn",{"title":113,"searchDepth":114,"depth":114,"links":369},[370,371],{"id":320,"depth":114,"text":321},{"id":89,"depth":114,"text":90},"Resonance is the amplification of vibration that occurs when a driving frequency matches a natural mode of a system. It is the mechanism by which a diaphragm horn sustains 140–180 dB output from modest pneumatic input — the diaphragm and bell are tuned so the driving pressure pulse hits their natural frequency.",{},[375,376,289,377],"fundamental-frequency","harmonic","sonic-horn",{"title":379,"description":380},"Resonance — useful coupling and unwanted vibration in cleaning systems","Resonance is the amplification that occurs when a driving frequency matches a natural mode of a system. It is exploited by sonic horns and avoided in tube-bank installation design.",[382],{"title":383,"url":384},"Wikipedia — Resonance","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FResonance","glossary\u002Fresonance","xgUOH_1Rk9D3xB0QhGDZZPZIieVRJ6XFtEhNitMqDYM",{"id":388,"title":389,"aliases":390,"body":394,"category":119,"description":552,"extension":121,"meta":553,"navigation":123,"path":110,"relatedTerms":554,"seo":556,"sources":559,"stem":563,"term":111,"__hash__":564},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Ffrequency.md","Frequency (Hz)",[391,392,393],"Hz","acoustic frequency","sonic horn frequency",{"type":52,"value":395,"toc":547},[396,408,412,501,505,517,519],[55,397,398,400,401,404,405,407],{},[59,399,111],{}," is the number of acoustic cycles per second, measured in hertz (Hz). For industrial acoustic cleaning it is the single most important selection parameter after ",[64,402,403],{"href":264},"SPL",": frequency determines ",[64,406,67],{"href":66},", which in turn governs how the sound wave penetrates the vessel.",[70,409,411],{"id":410},"industrial-cleaning-bands","Industrial cleaning bands",[158,413,414,430],{},[161,415,416],{},[164,417,418,421,424,427],{},[167,419,420],{},"Band",[167,422,423],{},"Range",[167,425,426],{},"Wavelength in air",[167,428,429],{},"Typical use",[173,431,432,455,480],{},[164,433,434,437,440,443],{},[178,435,436],{},"Infrasonic",[178,438,439],{},"12–30 Hz",[178,441,442],{},"11–28 m",[178,444,445,449,450,454],{},[64,446,448],{"href":447},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","Recovery boilers",", ",[64,451,453],{"href":452},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","WtE"," flue paths",[164,456,457,460,463,466],{},[178,458,459],{},"Low frequency",[178,461,462],{},"60–250 Hz",[178,464,465],{},"1.4–5.7 m",[178,467,468,449,472,449,476],{},[64,469,471],{"href":470},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESPs",[64,473,475],{"href":474},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","preheater cyclones",[64,477,479],{"href":478},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silos",[164,481,482,485,488,491],{},[178,483,484],{},"High frequency",[178,486,487],{},"250–450 Hz",[178,489,490],{},"0.75–1.4 m",[178,492,493,449,497],{},[64,494,496],{"href":495},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffabric-filter","Fabric filters",[64,498,500],{"href":499},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR catalysts",[70,502,504],{"id":503},"trade-off","Trade-off",[55,506,507,508,512,513,516],{},"Long wavelengths diffract around obstructions and penetrate further; short wavelengths concentrate more energy in a smaller volume. The frequency choice is therefore a trade between ",[509,510,511],"em",{},"reach"," and ",[509,514,515],{},"energy density",". Many real installations combine both bands: low-frequency horns clean the bulk volume; high-frequency horns clean dense bag rows or catalyst faces.",[70,518,90],{"id":89},[92,520,521,525,529,533,537,541],{},[95,522,523],{},[64,524,99],{"href":66},[95,526,527],{},[64,528,265],{"href":264},[95,530,531],{},[64,532,352],{"href":336},[95,534,535],{},[64,536,274],{"href":244},[95,538,539],{},[64,540,279],{"href":249},[95,542,543],{},[64,544,546],{"href":545},"\u002Fglossary\u002Finfrasonic-cleaner","Infrasonic cleaner",{"title":113,"searchDepth":114,"depth":114,"links":548},[549,550,551],{"id":410,"depth":114,"text":411},{"id":503,"depth":114,"text":504},{"id":89,"depth":114,"text":90},"Frequency is the number of acoustic cycles per second, measured in hertz (Hz). For industrial acoustic cleaning it is the single most important selection parameter after SPL: frequency determines wavelength, which in turn governs how the sound wave penetrates the vessel.",{},[67,288,375,290,291,555],"infrasonic-cleaner",{"title":557,"description":558},"Frequency (Hz) — selection bands for industrial sonic horns","Frequency is the number of acoustic cycles per second, measured in hertz. Industrial acoustic cleaners operate at 12–30 Hz (infrasonic), 60–250 Hz (low) or 250–450 Hz (high).",[560],{"title":561,"url":562},"Wikipedia — Frequency","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFrequency","glossary\u002Ffrequency","7P2gkJzmA_x2ddonur2FhvOEPYFBCmPrnuK_ZNv8mqc",1782613716074]