[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":689},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:specific-collection-area":45,"glossary-related:specific-collection-area":211},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":51,"category":192,"description":193,"extension":194,"meta":195,"navigation":196,"path":197,"relatedTerms":198,"seo":201,"sources":204,"stem":208,"term":209,"__hash__":210},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fspecific-collection-area.md","Specific collection area (SCA)",[49,50],"SCA","collecting area per gas flow",{"type":52,"value":53,"toc":185},"minimark",[54,77,82,142,145,149,162,166],[55,56,57,60,61,66,67,71,72,76],"p",{},[58,59,47],"strong",{}," is the ratio of total ",[62,63,65],"a",{"href":64},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcollecting-electrode","collecting-electrode"," area to volumetric gas flow rate through an ",[62,68,70],{"href":69},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESP",". It is normally expressed in m²\u002F(m³\u002Fs) or in ft²\u002F1000 acfm in US practice. SCA is the single most informative sizing parameter for predicting ",[62,73,75],{"href":74},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcollection-efficiency","collection efficiency",".",[78,79,81],"h2",{"id":80},"typical-sca-ranges","Typical SCA ranges",[83,84,85,98],"table",{},[86,87,88],"thead",{},[89,90,91,95],"tr",{},[92,93,94],"th",{},"Application",[92,96,97],{},"Typical SCA (m²\u002F(m³\u002Fs))",[99,100,101,110,118,126,134],"tbody",{},[89,102,103,107],{},[104,105,106],"td",{},"Coal-fired utility boiler, high-sulphur fuel",[104,108,109],{},"40–60",[89,111,112,115],{},[104,113,114],{},"Coal-fired utility boiler, low-sulphur fuel",[104,116,117],{},"80–140",[89,119,120,123],{},[104,121,122],{},"Cement kiln ESP",[104,124,125],{},"60–120",[89,127,128,131],{},[104,129,130],{},"WtE \u002F biomass",[104,132,133],{},"50–100",[89,135,136,139],{},[104,137,138],{},"Iron-ore sinter plant",[104,140,141],{},"80–150",[55,143,144],{},"Higher SCA buys more efficiency for the same gas flow, but at higher capital cost.",[78,146,148],{"id":147},"effective-sca-and-fouling","Effective SCA and fouling",[55,150,151,152,156,157,161],{},"The nameplate SCA assumes clean, fully active plates. As dust builds up, the ",[153,154,155],"em",{},"effective"," SCA falls because the electrical and aerodynamic performance of fouled plates is lower than that of clean plates. Keeping plates clean with ",[62,158,160],{"href":159},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","sonic horns"," maintains the effective SCA closer to the design value, which is one of the underlying reasons acoustic cleaning extends collection efficiency over the operating cycle.",[78,163,165],{"id":164},"related-terms","Related terms",[167,168,169,175,180],"ul",{},[170,171,172],"li",{},[62,173,174],{"href":69},"Electrostatic precipitator",[170,176,177],{},[62,178,179],{"href":64},"Collecting electrode",[170,181,182],{},[62,183,184],{"href":74},"Collection efficiency",{"title":186,"searchDepth":187,"depth":187,"links":188},"",2,[189,190,191],{"id":80,"depth":187,"text":81},{"id":147,"depth":187,"text":148},{"id":164,"depth":187,"text":165},"esp","Specific collection area (SCA) is the ratio of total collecting-electrode area to volumetric gas flow rate through an ESP. It is normally expressed in m²\u002F(m³\u002Fs) or in ft²\u002F1000 acfm in US practice. SCA is the single most informative sizing parameter for predicting collection efficiency.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fspecific-collection-area",[199,65,200],"electrostatic-precipitator","collection-efficiency",{"title":202,"description":203},"Specific collection area (SCA) — the core ESP sizing parameter","SCA is the ratio of total collecting plate area to volumetric gas flow rate. It is the single most important sizing parameter for predicting ESP collection efficiency.",[205],{"title":206,"url":207},"EPA — Monitoring Knowledge Base: Electrostatic Precipitators","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fair-emissions-monitoring-knowledge-base\u002Fmonitoring-control-technique-electrostatic-precipitators","glossary\u002Fspecific-collection-area","Specific collection area","mGKFyLnHG2WXoMPFak4OmDlbc45JJo1UPC-EpPJIyHM",[212,389,493],{"id":213,"title":214,"aliases":215,"body":218,"category":192,"description":367,"extension":194,"meta":368,"navigation":196,"path":69,"relatedTerms":369,"seo":376,"sources":379,"stem":387,"term":174,"__hash__":388},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator.md","Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)",[70,216,217],"electrostatic precipitators","dry ESP",{"type":52,"value":219,"toc":361},[220,236,240,257,261,297,301,333,335],[55,221,222,223,226,227,231,232,235],{},"An ",[58,224,225],{},"electrostatic precipitator (ESP)"," is an air-pollution-control device that removes particulate matter from a flue-gas stream by electrostatically charging dust particles and collecting them on grounded plate electrodes. ESPs are the dominant particulate-control technology on coal-fired boilers, cement kilns, ",[62,228,230],{"href":229},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","waste-to-energy"," plants, ",[62,233,234],{"href":229},"biomass"," plants, sinter strands and many other heavy-industry off-gas streams.",[78,237,239],{"id":238},"how-an-esp-works","How an ESP works",[55,241,242,243,246,247,251,252,256],{},"Flue gas flows horizontally between a parallel array of vertical ",[62,244,245],{"href":64},"collecting electrodes"," (plates) and ",[62,248,250],{"href":249},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdischarge-electrode","discharge electrodes"," (high-voltage wires or rigid spikes). A negative DC potential of 40–80 kV applied to the discharge electrodes generates a ",[62,253,255],{"href":254},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcorona-discharge","corona discharge"," that ionises the gas. Charged dust particles drift to the collecting plates, accumulate as a dust layer, are rapped down into hoppers below and removed by ash-handling equipment.",[78,258,260],{"id":259},"where-sonic-horns-fit","Where sonic horns fit",[55,262,263,264,268,269,272,273,277,278,282,283,287,288,292,293,76],{},"ESPs accumulate dust faster than mechanical rapping can release it, and hoppers below ESP fields routinely ",[62,265,267],{"href":266},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbridging","bridge"," and choke. ",[62,270,271],{"href":159},"Sonic horns"," installed on the ESP ",[62,274,276],{"href":275},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-penthouse","penthouse"," and on hopper walls keep dust dislodged, supplement ",[62,279,281],{"href":280},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-rapper","rappers",", prevent ",[62,284,286],{"href":285},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fback-corona","back-corona"," by limiting plate dust thickness, and eliminate hopper ",[62,289,291],{"href":290},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frat-holing","rat-holing"," without the structural fatigue of ",[62,294,296],{"href":295},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftumbling-hammer-rapper","tumbling-hammer rappers",[78,298,300],{"id":299},"common-failure-modes","Common failure modes",[167,302,303,309,315,321,327],{},[170,304,305,308],{},[58,306,307],{},"High opacity \u002F particulate emissions"," from thick dust layers reducing collection efficiency",[170,310,311,314],{},[58,312,313],{},"Back-corona"," in high-resistivity ash that reverses ionisation and collapses collection",[170,316,317,320],{},[58,318,319],{},"Re-entrainment"," as rapper puffs return dust to the gas stream",[170,322,323,326],{},[58,324,325],{},"Hopper bridging"," that stops ash extraction and triggers field shutdowns",[170,328,329,332],{},[58,330,331],{},"Discharge-electrode breakage"," from rapper fatigue or sparking",[78,334,165],{"id":164},[167,336,337,341,346,350,356],{},[170,338,339],{},[62,340,179],{"href":64},[170,342,343],{},[62,344,345],{"href":249},"Discharge electrode",[170,347,348],{},[62,349,313],{"href":285},[170,351,352],{},[62,353,355],{"href":354},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-hopper","ESP hopper",[170,357,358],{},[62,359,360],{"href":159},"Sonic horn",{"title":186,"searchDepth":187,"depth":187,"links":362},[363,364,365,366],{"id":238,"depth":187,"text":239},{"id":259,"depth":187,"text":260},{"id":299,"depth":187,"text":300},{"id":164,"depth":187,"text":165},"An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is an air-pollution-control device that removes particulate matter from a flue-gas stream by electrostatically charging dust particles and collecting them on grounded plate electrodes. ESPs are the dominant particulate-control technology on coal-fired boilers, cement kilns, waste-to-energy plants, biomass plants, sinter strands and many other heavy-industry off-gas streams.",{},[370,65,371,372,373,374,286,375],"wet-esp","discharge-electrode","corona-discharge","esp-hopper","esp-rapper","sonic-horn",{"title":377,"description":378},"Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) — how it works and how it fouls","An ESP removes particulate from flue gas by charging dust and collecting it on plate electrodes. Sonic horns are widely used to dislodge ash from plates and to keep hoppers from bridging.",[380,383,384],{"title":381,"url":382},"Wikipedia — Electrostatic precipitator","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FElectrostatic_precipitator",{"title":206,"url":207},{"title":385,"url":386},"Babcock & Wilcox — Basics of ESP Operation","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.babcock.com\u002Fhome\u002Fabout\u002Fresources\u002Flearning-center\u002Fbasic-esp-operation","glossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","hT_C4hmid3iZaYWhLpiSJ2tBfL0bSJ-uhzn7TY4Vtj4",{"id":390,"title":179,"aliases":391,"body":395,"category":192,"description":483,"extension":194,"meta":484,"navigation":196,"path":64,"relatedTerms":485,"seo":486,"sources":489,"stem":491,"term":179,"__hash__":492},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcollecting-electrode.md",[392,393,394],"collecting plate","collection plate","ESP plate",{"type":52,"value":396,"toc":477},[397,408,412,433,437,445,449,452,454],[55,398,399,400,403,404,407],{},"The ",[58,401,402],{},"collecting electrode"," — usually called the \"collecting plate\" in plate-type ESPs — is the grounded surface on which charged particulate accumulates inside an ",[62,405,406],{"href":69},"electrostatic precipitator",". Collecting plates are typically 9–15 m tall, rolled or profiled steel sections with stiffening pockets, hung in parallel rows 250–400 mm apart.",[78,409,411],{"id":410},"how-dust-accumulates-and-releases","How dust accumulates and releases",[55,413,414,415,418,419,421,422,425,426,428,429,432],{},"Charged particles migrate from the ",[62,416,417],{"href":249},"discharge electrode"," towards the grounded plate, transfer their charge and adhere as a dust layer. The layer must be released regularly: too thick and it raises plate-face voltage, reducing the field, eventually triggering ",[62,420,286],{"href":285},". Release is achieved by ",[62,423,424],{"href":280},"rapping"," (mechanical impact) or ",[62,427,160],{"href":159}," (acoustic vibration), with the released dust sheet falling into the ",[62,430,431],{"href":354},"hopper"," below.",[78,434,436],{"id":435},"the-re-entrainment-problem","The re-entrainment problem",[55,438,439,440,444],{},"Aggressive rapping releases dust faster than the hopper can swallow it, and some of the falling sheet is caught back up by the gas stream — this is ",[62,441,443],{"href":442},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fre-entrainment","re-entrainment",", and it shows up as periodic opacity spikes on stack CEMS traces. Sonic horns produce gentler, more continuous release that reduces re-entrainment compared to mechanical rapping alone.",[78,446,448],{"id":447},"profile-types","Profile types",[55,450,451],{},"Collecting plates come in many profiled forms (CW, ZT, ECO, Opzel, baffle, etc.), each chosen to balance electrical performance against dust-release behaviour. Specialist ESP vendors (B&W, FLSmidth, Hamon, Mitsubishi) supply matched plate-and-rapping packages.",[78,453,165],{"id":164},[167,455,456,460,464,469,473],{},[170,457,458],{},[62,459,174],{"href":69},[170,461,462],{},[62,463,345],{"href":249},[170,465,466],{},[62,467,468],{"href":280},"ESP rapper",[170,470,471],{},[62,472,360],{"href":159},[170,474,475],{},[62,476,319],{"href":442},{"title":186,"searchDepth":187,"depth":187,"links":478},[479,480,481,482],{"id":410,"depth":187,"text":411},{"id":435,"depth":187,"text":436},{"id":447,"depth":187,"text":448},{"id":164,"depth":187,"text":165},"The collecting electrode — usually called the \"collecting plate\" in plate-type ESPs — is the grounded surface on which charged particulate accumulates inside an electrostatic precipitator. Collecting plates are typically 9–15 m tall, rolled or profiled steel sections with stiffening pockets, hung in parallel rows 250–400 mm apart.",{},[199,371,374,375,443],{"title":487,"description":488},"Collecting electrode (ESP plate) — function, fouling and cleaning","The collecting electrode is the grounded plate or tube on which charged particulate accumulates inside an ESP. Dust must be released to hoppers without re-entraining into the gas stream.",[490],{"title":385,"url":386},"glossary\u002Fcollecting-electrode","9E4jLiOYVWf0Kj-hlJN58FMZ0Nz2mF0Iv1OuBtFwtqM",{"id":494,"title":184,"aliases":495,"body":498,"category":676,"description":677,"extension":194,"meta":678,"navigation":196,"path":74,"relatedTerms":679,"seo":682,"sources":685,"stem":687,"term":184,"__hash__":688},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcollection-efficiency.md",[75,496,497],"capture efficiency","ESP collection efficiency",{"type":52,"value":499,"toc":671},[500,517,521,599,603,606,644,649,651],[55,501,502,504,505,507,508,507,512,516],{},[58,503,184],{}," is the fraction of inlet particulate captured by an ",[62,506,70],{"href":69},", ",[62,509,511],{"href":510},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbaghouse","baghouse",[62,513,515],{"href":514},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcyclone-separator","cyclone"," or other particulate-control device. It is calculated as (inlet mass loading − outlet mass loading) \u002F inlet mass loading and reported as a percentage.",[78,518,520],{"id":519},"typical-values","Typical values",[83,522,523,533],{},[86,524,525],{},[89,526,527,530],{},[92,528,529],{},"Device",[92,531,532],{},"Typical collection efficiency",[99,534,535,546,557,568,578,588],{},[89,536,537,543],{},[104,538,539,540],{},"Single ",[62,541,542],{"href":514},"cyclone separator",[104,544,545],{},"70–90%",[89,547,548,554],{},[104,549,550],{},[62,551,553],{"href":552},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fmulti-cyclone-multiclone","Multi-cyclone",[104,555,556],{},"85–95%",[89,558,559,565],{},[104,560,561],{},[62,562,564],{"href":563},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fventuri-scrubber","Venturi scrubber",[104,566,567],{},"95–99%",[89,569,570,575],{},[104,571,572,574],{},[62,573,174],{"href":69}," (modern)",[104,576,577],{},"99.5–99.95%",[89,579,580,585],{},[104,581,582],{},[62,583,584],{"href":510},"Baghouse",[104,586,587],{},"99.9–99.99%",[89,589,590,596],{},[104,591,592],{},[62,593,595],{"href":594},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwet-esp","Wet ESP (WESP)",[104,597,598],{},"99.9% (especially fine PM)",[78,600,602],{"id":601},"how-fouling-erodes-collection-efficiency","How fouling erodes collection efficiency",[55,604,605],{},"Each device fouls in characteristic ways that degrade its collection efficiency:",[167,607,608,620,633],{},[170,609,610,612,613,507,615,507,618],{},[58,611,70],{}," — ",[62,614,286],{"href":285},[62,616,617],{"href":354},"hopper bridging",[62,619,443],{"href":442},[170,621,622,612,624,507,628,632],{},[58,623,584],{},[62,625,627],{"href":626},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbag-blinding","bag blinding",[62,629,631],{"href":630},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcake-bridging-cake-blinding","cake bridging",", bag failures",[170,634,635,638,639,643],{},[58,636,637],{},"Cyclone"," — wall build-up, ",[62,640,642],{"href":641},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcyclone-dipleg","dipleg"," pluggage",[55,645,646,648],{},[62,647,271],{"href":159}," address the first three mechanisms in their respective applications.",[78,650,165],{"id":164},[167,652,653,657,661,667],{},[170,654,655],{},[62,656,174],{"href":69},[170,658,659],{},[62,660,584],{"href":510},[170,662,663],{},[62,664,666],{"href":665},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fremoval-efficiency","Removal efficiency",[170,668,669],{},[62,670,47],{"href":197},{"title":186,"searchDepth":187,"depth":187,"links":672},[673,674,675],{"id":519,"depth":187,"text":520},{"id":601,"depth":187,"text":602},{"id":164,"depth":187,"text":165},"kpis-measurements","Collection efficiency is the fraction of inlet particulate captured by an ESP, baghouse, cyclone or other particulate-control device. It is calculated as (inlet mass loading − outlet mass loading) \u002F inlet mass loading and reported as a percentage.",{},[199,511,680,681],"removal-efficiency","specific-collection-area",{"title":683,"description":684},"Collection efficiency — fraction of inlet particulate captured by the cleaning device","Collection efficiency is the fraction of inlet particulate captured by an ESP, baghouse or cyclone. Reported as a percentage; modern ESPs achieve 99.5%+, baghouses 99.9%+.",[686],{"title":206,"url":207},"glossary\u002Fcollection-efficiency","_cGtM6lyYxWcd21mZNA6in_t4XcwLZgPZBCgilBKMek",1782613737904]