[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1311},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:sonic-horn":45,"glossary-related:sonic-horn":304},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":52,"category":276,"description":277,"extension":278,"meta":279,"navigation":280,"path":281,"relatedTerms":282,"seo":289,"sources":292,"stem":302,"term":47,"__hash__":303},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn.md","Sonic horn",[49,50,51],"sonic horns","sonic cleaning horn","industrial sonic horn",{"type":53,"value":54,"toc":267},"minimark",[55,93,98,106,110,178,182,219,223,231,235],[56,57,58,59,63,64,69,70,74,75,74,79,74,83,87,88,92],"p",{},"A ",[60,61,62],"strong",{},"sonic horn"," is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of ",[65,66,68],"a",{"href":67},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner","acoustic cleaner"," and the default specification for cleaning ",[65,71,73],{"href":72},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESPs",", ",[65,76,78],{"href":77},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffabric-filter","baghouses",[65,80,82],{"href":81},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR catalysts",[65,84,86],{"href":85},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","boiler heat-transfer surfaces"," and ",[65,89,91],{"href":90},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","hoppers and silos",".",[94,95,97],"h2",{"id":96},"how-a-sonic-horn-works","How a sonic horn works",[56,99,100,101,105],{},"Compressed plant air admitted through a ",[65,102,104],{"href":103},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","solenoid valve"," drives a metal diaphragm — typically titanium or 316 stainless — into resonant oscillation at the horn's fundamental frequency. The oscillating pressure field is amplified by an exponential bell horn and projected into the vessel as a near-spherical sound wave. Particulate already deposited on internal surfaces receives an oscillating acceleration that overcomes adhesion; loosened material is then carried out with the gas flow before it can sinter, bridge or bond. Because the cleaning is acoustic and non-contact, the horn can fire while the plant is online without tube erosion, refractory damage or thermal shock.",[94,107,109],{"id":108},"key-parameters","Key parameters",[111,112,113,126],"table",{},[114,115,116],"thead",{},[117,118,119,123],"tr",{},[120,121,122],"th",{},"Parameter",[120,124,125],{},"Typical range",[127,128,129,138,146,154,162,170],"tbody",{},[117,130,131,135],{},[132,133,134],"td",{},"Fundamental frequency",[132,136,137],{},"60–400 Hz",[117,139,140,143],{},[132,141,142],{},"Sound pressure level",[132,144,145],{},"140–180 dB",[117,147,148,151],{},[132,149,150],{},"Compressed-air consumption",[132,152,153],{},"8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin at 4–7 bar",[117,155,156,159],{},[132,157,158],{},"Operating temperature (with appropriate materials)",[132,160,161],{},"−40 °C to +500 °C",[117,163,164,167],{},[132,165,166],{},"Firing cycle",[132,168,169],{},"5–15 s burst, repeated every 3–15 minutes",[117,171,172,175],{},[132,173,174],{},"Mass",[132,176,177],{},"15–60 kg depending on horn size",[94,179,181],{"id":180},"frequency-selection","Frequency selection",[56,183,184,185,74,189,193,194,74,198,202,203,74,206,210,211,87,215,92],{},"Lower frequencies (60–125 Hz) project longer wavelengths and penetrate further into large open vessels — ",[65,186,188],{"href":187},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","preheater cyclones",[65,190,192],{"href":191},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","recovery-boiler superheaters",", large ",[65,195,197],{"href":196},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-field-bus-section","ESP fields",[65,199,201],{"href":200},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silos",". Higher frequencies (230–400 Hz) carry more energy per unit volume and suit finer dust loads in ",[65,204,205],{"href":77},"fabric-filter compartments",[65,207,209],{"href":208},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhoneycomb-catalyst","catalyst layers"," and smaller hopper geometries. See ",[65,212,214],{"href":213},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","low-frequency acoustic cleaner",[65,216,218],{"href":217},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency acoustic cleaner",[94,220,222],{"id":221},"sonic-horn-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic horn vs steam sootblower",[56,224,225,226,230],{},"Sonic horns are increasingly specified alongside or in place of ",[65,227,229],{"href":228},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","steam sootblowers"," because they consume no boiler-grade steam, cause no tube erosion, require almost no moving parts and can fire every few minutes without operator intervention. They are less effective on hard, fused slag than retractable steam lances, so on furnace waterwalls and high-temperature superheaters they typically complement rather than replace mechanical cleaning.",[94,232,234],{"id":233},"related-terms","Related terms",[236,237,238,244,250,256,262],"ul",{},[239,240,241],"li",{},[65,242,243],{"href":67},"Acoustic cleaner",[239,245,246],{},[65,247,249],{"href":248},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",[239,251,252],{},[65,253,255],{"href":254},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbell-horn","Bell horn",[239,257,258],{},[65,259,261],{"href":260},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","Diaphragm horn",[239,263,264],{},[65,265,266],{"href":213},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner",{"title":268,"searchDepth":269,"depth":269,"links":270},"",2,[271,272,273,274,275],{"id":96,"depth":269,"text":97},{"id":108,"depth":269,"text":109},{"id":180,"depth":269,"text":181},{"id":221,"depth":269,"text":222},{"id":233,"depth":269,"text":234},"core-technology","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of acoustic cleaner and the default specification for cleaning ESPs, baghouses, SCR catalysts, boiler heat-transfer surfaces and hoppers and silos.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn",[283,284,285,286,287,288],"acoustic-cleaner","acoustic-cleaning-system","sonic-sootblower","bell-horn","diaphragm-horn","low-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":290,"description":291},"Sonic horn — definition, frequency, SPL and industrial applications","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven low-frequency sound emitter (typically 60–400 Hz at 140–180 dB SPL) used to dislodge particulate fouling from boilers, ESPs, baghouses and process vessels.",[293,296,299],{"title":294,"url":295},"Power Engineering — Sonic Horns: A User's Introduction","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Fsonic-horns-a-userrsquos-introduction\u002F",{"title":297,"url":298},"Power Engineering — Tuning in to Acoustic Cleaning","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Ftuning-in-to-acoustic-cleaning\u002F",{"title":300,"url":301},"Wikipedia — Sonic soot blowers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSonic_soot_blowers","glossary\u002Fsonic-horn","YzrhN0kKzqSaQo0wfn0rueNZ-V43mcg5zahqeWi3lnU",[305,474,669,895,1028,1122],{"id":306,"title":243,"aliases":307,"body":310,"category":276,"description":455,"extension":278,"meta":456,"navigation":280,"path":67,"relatedTerms":457,"seo":461,"sources":464,"stem":472,"term":243,"__hash__":473},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner.md",[308,309],"acoustic cleaners","acoustic cleaning device",{"type":53,"value":311,"toc":449},[312,318,322,325,329,332,409,413,425,427],[56,313,314,315,317],{},"An ",[60,316,68],{}," is any device that uses high-intensity sound waves — typically at audible low frequencies between 60 and 450 Hz and sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. The acoustic energy vibrates dust, ash, soot and other accreted solids, keeping them airborne and entrained in the gas flow so they cannot bond, bridge or harden on internal surfaces.",[94,319,321],{"id":320},"how-an-acoustic-cleaner-works","How an acoustic cleaner works",[56,323,324],{},"A pneumatic driver — usually compressed air at 4 to 7 bar — sets a metal diaphragm or piston-whistle assembly vibrating at the cleaner's design frequency. The vibration is amplified through an exponential bell horn and projected into the equipment as a near-spherical pressure field. Particulate already deposited on tube banks, plates, catalyst layers or hopper walls receives an oscillating force that overcomes adhesion. Because the cleaner is non-contact, it can run while the plant is online, every few minutes, without thermal shock, tube erosion or refractory damage.",[94,326,328],{"id":327},"where-acoustic-cleaners-are-used","Where acoustic cleaners are used",[56,330,331],{},"Acoustic cleaners are installed throughout the gas path and bulk-solids path of heavy industry:",[236,333,334,351,365,382,397],{},[239,335,336,339,340,74,344,74,347],{},[60,337,338],{},"Combustion plant"," — boilers, ",[65,341,343],{"href":342},"\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser","economisers",[65,345,346],{"href":85},"superheaters",[65,348,350],{"href":349},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-heater","air heaters",[239,352,353,356,357,74,360,74,363],{},[60,354,355],{},"Air-pollution control"," — ",[65,358,359],{"href":72},"electrostatic precipitators",[65,361,362],{"href":77},"fabric filters",[65,364,82],{"href":81},[239,366,367,356,370,373,374,87,378],{},[60,368,369],{},"Bulk solids",[65,371,372],{"href":90},"hoppers, silos and bunkers"," prone to ",[65,375,377],{"href":376},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbridging","bridging",[65,379,381],{"href":380},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frat-holing","rat-holing",[239,383,384,356,387,74,389,74,393],{},[60,385,386],{},"Cement",[65,388,188],{"href":187},[65,390,392],{"href":391},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcalciner","calciners",[65,394,396],{"href":395},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fkiln-inlet-riser-duct","kiln inlets",[239,398,399,356,402,74,405],{},[60,400,401],{},"Pulp and paper",[65,403,404],{"href":191},"kraft recovery boilers",[65,406,408],{"href":407},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flime-kiln","lime kilns",[94,410,412],{"id":411},"acoustic-cleaners-are-not-ultrasonic-cleaners","Acoustic cleaners are not ultrasonic cleaners",[56,414,415,416,420,421,92],{},"The two terms are routinely confused but describe completely different technologies. Acoustic cleaners operate in the audible low-frequency band and clean dry industrial surfaces ",[417,418,419],"em",{},"in situ"," with airborne sound. Ultrasonic cleaners operate above 20 kHz inside a liquid bath and clean small parts off-line by cavitation. See ",[65,422,424],{"href":423},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaning-vs-ultrasonic-cleaning","acoustic cleaning vs ultrasonic cleaning",[94,426,234],{"id":233},[236,428,429,435,439,443],{},[239,430,431],{},[65,432,434],{"href":433},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaning-system","Acoustic cleaning system",[239,436,437],{},[65,438,47],{"href":281},[239,440,441],{},[65,442,249],{"href":248},[239,444,445],{},[65,446,448],{"href":447},"\u002Fglossary\u002Finfrasonic-cleaner","Infrasonic cleaner",{"title":268,"searchDepth":269,"depth":269,"links":450},[451,452,453,454],{"id":320,"depth":269,"text":321},{"id":327,"depth":269,"text":328},{"id":411,"depth":269,"text":412},{"id":233,"depth":269,"text":234},"An acoustic cleaner is any device that uses high-intensity sound waves — typically at audible low frequencies between 60 and 450 Hz and sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. The acoustic energy vibrates dust, ash, soot and other accreted solids, keeping them airborne and entrained in the gas flow so they cannot bond, bridge or harden on internal surfaces.",{},[284,458,285,459,288,460],"sonic-horn","infrasonic-cleaner","high-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":462,"description":463},"Acoustic cleaner — definition, principle, industrial uses","An acoustic cleaner is any device that uses high-intensity sound waves to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment such as boilers, ESPs, baghouses and silos.",[465,468,469],{"title":466,"url":467},"Power Magazine — The Theory and Application of Acoustic Cleaners","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.powermag.com\u002Fthe-theory-and-application-of-acoustic-cleaners\u002F",{"title":297,"url":298},{"title":470,"url":471},"Wikipedia — Acoustic cleaning","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAcoustic_cleaning","glossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner","MwPOKb4JllxnhygiJ3--SHn7B_zEw8BdkQXIXUCoV0E",{"id":475,"title":434,"aliases":476,"body":480,"category":276,"description":655,"extension":278,"meta":656,"navigation":280,"path":433,"relatedTerms":657,"seo":661,"sources":664,"stem":667,"term":434,"__hash__":668},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaning-system.md",[477,478,479],"acoustic cleaning systems","sonic cleaning system","industrial acoustic cleaning system",{"type":53,"value":481,"toc":649},[482,496,500,518,588,592,613,617,620,622],[56,483,314,484,487,488,490,491,495],{},[60,485,486],{},"acoustic cleaning system"," is the engineered assembly that delivers programmed sound-wave cleaning to a defined area of industrial process equipment. A complete system bundles the ",[65,489,308],{"href":67}," themselves with their mounting hardware, compressed-air supply, pilot solenoid valves, a ",[65,492,494],{"href":493},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcycle-controller-sequencer","cycle controller"," or PLC interface, and any sound-attenuation enclosures required to meet noise-exposure limits at the work area.",[94,497,499],{"id":498},"typical-scope-of-supply","Typical scope of supply",[56,501,502,503,74,506,74,509,512,513,517],{},"A turnkey acoustic cleaning system specified for an ",[65,504,505],{"href":72},"ESP",[65,507,508],{"href":77},"baghouse",[65,510,511],{"href":81},"SCR"," reactor or cement ",[65,514,516],{"href":515},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-tower","preheater tower"," usually comprises:",[111,519,520,530],{},[114,521,522],{},[117,523,524,527],{},[120,525,526],{},"Component",[120,528,529],{},"Function",[127,531,532,540,548,556,564,572,580],{},[117,533,534,537],{},[132,535,536],{},"Acoustic cleaners (horns)",[132,538,539],{},"Generate the cleaning sound wave",[117,541,542,545],{},[132,543,544],{},"Mounting flanges and nozzles",[132,546,547],{},"Couple the horn to the vessel wall",[117,549,550,553],{},[132,551,552],{},"Solenoid valves",[132,554,555],{},"Admit compressed air to each horn on demand",[117,557,558,561],{},[132,559,560],{},"Cycle controller \u002F PLC interface",[132,562,563],{},"Sequence horns by zone, duty cycle and dwell",[117,565,566,569],{},[132,567,568],{},"Compressed-air conditioning",[132,570,571],{},"Filter, dry and regulate plant air",[117,573,574,577],{},[132,575,576],{},"Sound-attenuation enclosure",[132,578,579],{},"Reduce external SPL at the work area",[117,581,582,585],{},[132,583,584],{},"Engineering, commissioning and tuning",[132,586,587],{},"Match firing pattern to fouling behaviour",[94,589,591],{"id":590},"system-level-versus-single-horn-purchasing","System-level versus single-horn purchasing",[56,593,594,595,597,598,602,603,607,608,612],{},"Plant operators often start by buying a single ",[65,596,62],{"href":281}," to address one acute fouling location, then expand to a multi-horn system once the proof of concept is established. System procurement shifts the conversation from product specification to outcome — opacity compliance, ",[65,599,601],{"href":600},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdifferential-pressure-baghouse","differential-pressure"," reduction, kiln availability, ",[65,604,606],{"href":605},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcatalyst-masking","catalyst life"," extension — and usually involves a sizing study, fouling-zone mapping, and integration with the existing ",[65,609,611],{"href":610},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdcs","DCS"," or PLC.",[94,614,616],{"id":615},"why-the-distinction-matters-in-procurement","Why the distinction matters in procurement",[56,618,619],{},"Specifiers writing an RFQ should distinguish \"acoustic cleaning system\" — which covers cycle logic, air supply and integration — from \"acoustic cleaner\" or \"sonic horn\" — which covers the device alone. A horn supplied without a controller, without sized air supply or without a sequencing strategy will under-perform regardless of its individual specification.",[94,621,234],{"id":233},[236,623,624,628,632,638,643],{},[239,625,626],{},[65,627,243],{"href":67},[239,629,630],{},[65,631,47],{"href":281},[239,633,634],{},[65,635,637],{"href":636},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpneumatic-acoustic-cleaner","Pneumatic acoustic cleaner",[239,639,640],{},[65,641,642],{"href":493},"Cycle controller \u002F sequencer",[239,644,645],{},[65,646,648],{"href":647},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcompressed-air","Compressed air",{"title":268,"searchDepth":269,"depth":269,"links":650},[651,652,653,654],{"id":498,"depth":269,"text":499},{"id":590,"depth":269,"text":591},{"id":615,"depth":269,"text":616},{"id":233,"depth":269,"text":234},"An acoustic cleaning system is the engineered assembly that delivers programmed sound-wave cleaning to a defined area of industrial process equipment. A complete system bundles the acoustic cleaners themselves with their mounting hardware, compressed-air supply, pilot solenoid valves, a cycle controller or PLC interface, and any sound-attenuation enclosures required to meet noise-exposure limits at the work area.",{},[283,458,658,659,660],"pneumatic-acoustic-cleaner","cycle-controller","compressed-air",{"title":662,"description":663},"Acoustic cleaning system — definition, components, scope of supply","An acoustic cleaning system is the engineered assembly of sonic horns, compressed-air supply, solenoid valves and cycle controllers that delivers programmed acoustic cleaning to industrial process equipment.",[665,666],{"title":294,"url":295},{"title":466,"url":467},"glossary\u002Facoustic-cleaning-system","oLRGI_8MjkJbK9jkWcIgN0EF7kzdTyTAyn2jhvwOxfg",{"id":670,"title":249,"aliases":671,"body":675,"category":276,"description":877,"extension":278,"meta":878,"navigation":280,"path":248,"relatedTerms":879,"seo":884,"sources":887,"stem":893,"term":249,"__hash__":894},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower.md",[672,673,674],"sonic soot blower","sonic sootblowers","acoustic sootblower",{"type":53,"value":676,"toc":871},[677,697,701,707,711,794,797,801,845,847],[56,678,58,679,682,683,685,686,74,688,74,690,74,694,696],{},[60,680,681],{},"sonic sootblower"," is a ",[65,684,62],{"href":281}," applied specifically to boiler heat-transfer surfaces — ",[65,687,343],{"href":342},[65,689,346],{"href":85},[65,691,693],{"href":692},"\u002Fglossary\u002Freheater","reheaters",[65,695,350],{"href":349}," and convective-pass tube banks. The term carries over the \"sootblower\" lineage from the steam and air lances that historically performed this duty, but the cleaning mechanism is fundamentally different: a sonic sootblower uses pulsed low-frequency sound rather than a steam jet.",[94,698,700],{"id":699},"why-the-boiler-industry-name-persists","Why the boiler-industry name persists",[56,702,703,704,706],{},"Operators and OEMs (Babcock & Wilcox, ANDRITZ, Valmet, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) cataloguing boiler-cleaning hardware naturally classify any device that removes soot, ash and slag from convective surfaces as a \"sootblower\". When acoustic cleaners entered the boiler aftermarket in the 1980s, they were absorbed into that taxonomy as ",[60,705,673],{}," to make procurement, maintenance and BLRBAC documentation straightforward. The device itself is identical to a sonic horn used on any other application.",[94,708,710],{"id":709},"sonic-sootblower-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic sootblower vs steam sootblower",[111,712,713,727],{},[114,714,715],{},[117,716,717,720,722],{},[120,718,719],{},"Attribute",[120,721,249],{},[120,723,724],{},[65,725,726],{"href":228},"Steam sootblower",[127,728,729,740,751,762,772,783],{},[117,730,731,734,737],{},[132,732,733],{},"Cleaning medium",[132,735,736],{},"Pulsed sound (60–400 Hz, 140–180 dB)",[132,738,739],{},"Saturated or superheated steam jet",[117,741,742,745,748],{},[132,743,744],{},"Energy source",[132,746,747],{},"Compressed air, 4–7 bar",[132,749,750],{},"Boiler steam, typically 17–35 bar",[117,752,753,756,759],{},[132,754,755],{},"Moving parts in flue gas",[132,757,758],{},"None",[132,760,761],{},"Retractable lance + nozzle",[117,763,764,767,769],{},[132,765,766],{},"Tube erosion risk",[132,768,758],{},[132,770,771],{},"Documented at lance tip and opposite tube row",[117,773,774,777,780],{},[132,775,776],{},"Typical firing interval",[132,778,779],{},"Every 3–15 minutes",[132,781,782],{},"Every shift or longer",[117,784,785,788,791],{},[132,786,787],{},"Best suited to",[132,789,790],{},"Dry ash, dust, light-to-moderate fouling",[132,792,793],{},"Hard slag, baked-on deposits",[56,795,796],{},"The two technologies are increasingly specified together: sonic sootblowers handle the continuous, preventive duty across the convective pass, while a smaller fleet of steam retractables remains for furnace waterwalls and high-temperature finishing superheaters where slag bonds at temperatures sound alone cannot defeat.",[94,798,800],{"id":799},"applications","Applications",[236,802,803,814,825,832,838],{},[239,804,805,808,809,813],{},[65,806,807],{"href":191},"Kraft recovery boilers"," (superheaters, ",[65,810,812],{"href":811},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fgenerating-bank","generating banks",", economisers)",[239,815,816,820,821,824],{},[65,817,819],{"href":818},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpc-boiler","Coal-fired utility boilers"," (economiser, ",[65,822,823],{"href":349},"air preheater"," cold end)",[239,826,827,831],{},[65,828,830],{"href":829},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","Biomass and waste-to-energy boilers"," (ash-rich, chloride-laden flue gas)",[239,833,834],{},[65,835,837],{"href":836},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-recovery-steam-generator","HRSGs in combined-cycle plants",[239,839,840,844],{},[65,841,843],{"href":842},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler","Industrial process boilers"," in refining, petrochemicals and chemicals",[94,846,234],{"id":233},[236,848,849,853,857,861,866],{},[239,850,851],{},[65,852,47],{"href":281},[239,854,855],{},[65,856,726],{"href":228},[239,858,859],{},[65,860,243],{"href":67},[239,862,863],{},[65,864,865],{"href":342},"Economiser",[239,867,868],{},[65,869,870],{"href":85},"Superheater",{"title":268,"searchDepth":269,"depth":269,"links":872},[873,874,875,876],{"id":699,"depth":269,"text":700},{"id":709,"depth":269,"text":710},{"id":799,"depth":269,"text":800},{"id":233,"depth":269,"text":234},"A sonic sootblower is a sonic horn applied specifically to boiler heat-transfer surfaces — economisers, superheaters, reheaters, air heaters and convective-pass tube banks. The term carries over the \"sootblower\" lineage from the steam and air lances that historically performed this duty, but the cleaning mechanism is fundamentally different: a sonic sootblower uses pulsed low-frequency sound rather than a steam jet.",{},[458,283,880,881,882,883],"steam-sootblower","ik-long-retract-sootblower","economiser","superheater",{"title":885,"description":886},"Sonic sootblower — definition, how it differs from steam sootblowers","A sonic sootblower is a sonic horn used specifically on boiler heat-transfer surfaces. It uses low-frequency sound instead of high-pressure steam, eliminating tube erosion and steam consumption.",[888,889,890],{"title":300,"url":301},{"title":297,"url":298},{"title":891,"url":892},"Babcock & Wilcox — Sootblower and Boiler Cleaning Terminology","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.babcock.com\u002Fhome\u002Fabout\u002Fresources\u002Flearning-center\u002Fsootblower-and-boiler-cleaning-terminology-principles-and-applications","glossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","P4GMPBzkg45PunQoZzULwSiL9umkIdcjjuo6yyJkX9c",{"id":896,"title":255,"aliases":897,"body":901,"category":276,"description":1013,"extension":278,"meta":1014,"navigation":280,"path":254,"relatedTerms":1015,"seo":1018,"sources":1021,"stem":1026,"term":255,"__hash__":1027},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fbell-horn.md",[898,899,900],"bell-shaped horn","exponential bell horn","exponential horn",{"type":53,"value":902,"toc":1008},[903,921,925,939,943,985,987],[56,904,58,905,908,909,911,912,915,916,920],{},[60,906,907],{},"bell horn"," is the conical or exponential flare bolted to the driver of an industrial ",[65,910,62],{"href":281},". Its job is to transform the high-impedance, small-area pressure pulse from the ",[65,913,914],{"href":260},"diaphragm"," or ",[65,917,919],{"href":918},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpiston-whistle-horn","piston-whistle"," into a lower-impedance, larger-area sound wave that couples efficiently into the gas inside the vessel.",[94,922,924],{"id":923},"why-the-geometry-matters","Why the geometry matters",[56,926,927,928,930,931,915,935,938],{},"The bell is not decorative. Its flare profile — usually exponential, sometimes catenoidal or tractrix — sets the horn's cut-off frequency: below the cut-off, the bell stops behaving as a horn and the radiated sound power collapses. A 60 Hz ",[65,929,214],{"href":213}," therefore needs a physically larger bell than a 230 Hz unit, which is why low-frequency horns are noticeably bulkier and heavier. Mounting orientation, flange standard (",[65,932,934],{"href":933},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fflange-standards-dn-ansi","DN",[65,936,937],{"href":933},"ANSI 150",") and the bell's projection distance into the vessel are all selected to match the cleaning target geometry.",[94,940,942],{"id":941},"materials","Materials",[236,944,945,956,965],{},[239,946,947,950,951,87,953],{},[60,948,949],{},"Carbon steel"," for ambient-temperature mounting on cool-side ducts, ",[65,952,201],{"href":200},[65,954,955],{"href":90},"hoppers",[239,957,958,964],{},[60,959,960],{},[65,961,963],{"href":962},"\u002Fglossary\u002Faisi-316-316l-stainless","316 stainless steel"," for corrosive or food-grade environments",[239,966,967,973,974,74,977,980,981,984],{},[60,968,969],{},[65,970,972],{"href":971},"\u002Fglossary\u002Finconel-625-718","Inconel 625 or 718"," for hot-side service above 350 °C, including ",[65,975,976],{"href":81},"SCR reactors",[65,978,979],{"href":349},"air heater"," penthouses and ",[65,982,983],{"href":191},"recovery-boiler"," flue paths",[94,986,234],{"id":233},[236,988,989,993,997,1002],{},[239,990,991],{},[65,992,47],{"href":281},[239,994,995],{},[65,996,261],{"href":260},[239,998,999],{},[65,1000,1001],{"href":918},"Piston-whistle horn",[239,1003,1004],{},[65,1005,1007],{"href":1006},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-horn","Acoustic horn",{"title":268,"searchDepth":269,"depth":269,"links":1009},[1010,1011,1012],{"id":923,"depth":269,"text":924},{"id":941,"depth":269,"text":942},{"id":233,"depth":269,"text":234},"A bell horn is the conical or exponential flare bolted to the driver of an industrial sonic horn. Its job is to transform the high-impedance, small-area pressure pulse from the diaphragm or piston-whistle into a lower-impedance, larger-area sound wave that couples efficiently into the gas inside the vessel.",{},[458,287,1016,1017],"piston-whistle-horn","acoustic-horn",{"title":1019,"description":1020},"Bell horn — definition, geometry and role in acoustic cleaning","A bell horn is the conical or exponential flare that amplifies and projects sound from an industrial sonic horn's driver into the vessel being cleaned.",[1022,1025],{"title":1023,"url":1024},"Wikipedia — Horn (acoustic)","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FHorn_(acoustic)",{"title":466,"url":467},"glossary\u002Fbell-horn","gKEabZrcxtpNiaEXB65PC50sPq3KHeDc-fyn9OvYp4I",{"id":1029,"title":261,"aliases":1030,"body":1033,"category":276,"description":1110,"extension":278,"meta":1111,"navigation":280,"path":260,"relatedTerms":1112,"seo":1114,"sources":1117,"stem":1120,"term":261,"__hash__":1121},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn.md",[1031,1032],"diaphragm sonic horn","diaphragm-driven horn",{"type":53,"value":1034,"toc":1104},[1035,1053,1057,1063,1067,1070,1074,1083,1085],[56,1036,58,1037,682,1040,1042,1043,915,1047,1049,1050,1052],{},[60,1038,1039],{},"diaphragm horn",[65,1041,62],{"href":281}," in which the cleaning sound is produced by a metal diaphragm vibrating at its design frequency under pulsed compressed-air pressure. The diaphragm — typically ",[65,1044,1046],{"href":1045},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftitanium-diaphragm","titanium",[65,1048,963],{"href":962}," — sits between the air-supply chamber and the throat of the ",[65,1051,907],{"href":254}," and is the part most exposed to wear.",[94,1054,1056],{"id":1055},"how-it-generates-sound","How it generates sound",[56,1058,1059,1060,1062],{},"Compressed air admitted by a ",[65,1061,104],{"href":103}," raises pressure behind the diaphragm. At the design frequency the diaphragm flexes inward, vents the chamber, snaps back under spring tension, re-pressurises and repeats — a self-sustaining oscillation that converts steady air supply into a tonal acoustic output. The bell then amplifies and projects the wave into the vessel.",[94,1064,1066],{"id":1065},"why-it-dominates-the-market","Why it dominates the market",[56,1068,1069],{},"Most low-to-mid-frequency industrial sonic horns are diaphragm-driven because the design is mechanically simple, tolerates rough industrial air, sustains 140 to 180 dB output without auxiliary power, and the only routine wear part — the diaphragm — is field-replaceable in under an hour. Titanium diaphragms typically last three to five years under normal duty before output drift signals a replacement.",[94,1071,1073],{"id":1072},"diaphragm-horn-vs-piston-whistle-horn","Diaphragm horn vs piston-whistle horn",[56,1075,1076,1079,1080,1082],{},[65,1077,1078],{"href":918},"Piston-whistle horns"," use a moving piston-and-whistle assembly rather than a flexing diaphragm. They tend to operate at higher frequencies and shorter dwell times, suit fine dust loads in ",[65,1081,362],{"href":77},", and have a different wear profile. Diaphragm horns dominate the 60–250 Hz band; piston-whistle and related designs are more common above 250 Hz.",[94,1084,234],{"id":233},[236,1086,1087,1091,1095,1099],{},[239,1088,1089],{},[65,1090,47],{"href":281},[239,1092,1093],{},[65,1094,255],{"href":254},[239,1096,1097],{},[65,1098,1001],{"href":918},[239,1100,1101],{},[65,1102,1103],{"href":1045},"Titanium diaphragm",{"title":268,"searchDepth":269,"depth":269,"links":1105},[1106,1107,1108,1109],{"id":1055,"depth":269,"text":1056},{"id":1065,"depth":269,"text":1066},{"id":1072,"depth":269,"text":1073},{"id":233,"depth":269,"text":234},"A diaphragm horn is a sonic horn in which the cleaning sound is produced by a metal diaphragm vibrating at its design frequency under pulsed compressed-air pressure. The diaphragm — typically titanium or 316 stainless steel — sits between the air-supply chamber and the throat of the bell horn and is the part most exposed to wear.",{},[458,286,1016,1113,288],"titanium-diaphragm",{"title":1115,"description":1116},"Diaphragm horn — driver type, materials and typical frequencies","A diaphragm horn is a sonic horn whose sound is generated by a vibrating titanium or stainless-steel diaphragm driven by pulsed compressed air. The dominant form-factor for low-frequency industrial cleaning.",[1118,1119],{"title":294,"url":295},{"title":470,"url":471},"glossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","dtvm3Iiw8hZJrGOuS4cubbp0rZvl9thGaUD53Ulu_k4",{"id":1123,"title":266,"aliases":1124,"body":1128,"category":276,"description":1300,"extension":278,"meta":1301,"navigation":280,"path":213,"relatedTerms":1302,"seo":1303,"sources":1306,"stem":1309,"term":266,"__hash__":1310},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner.md",[1125,1126,1127],"low frequency sonic horn","low-frequency horn","LF acoustic cleaner",{"type":53,"value":1129,"toc":1294},[1130,1141,1145,1151,1155,1204,1208,1269,1271],[56,1131,58,1132,1134,1135,1137,1138,1140],{},[60,1133,214],{}," is an industrial ",[65,1136,62],{"href":281}," whose fundamental frequency sits in the 60–250 Hz band. The long acoustic wavelength — between 1.4 and 5.7 metres in air — projects further from the ",[65,1139,907],{"href":254}," than higher-frequency designs, fills large open vessels more uniformly and is the default choice for cleaning bulky industrial equipment.",[94,1142,1144],{"id":1143},"why-frequency-choice-matters","Why frequency choice matters",[56,1146,1147,1148,1150],{},"Acoustic energy at long wavelengths diffracts around obstructions (tube banks, electrode rows, baffles) instead of being absorbed or scattered. That makes low-frequency horns the appropriate selection where the cleaning target is several metres deep and partly obstructed — most large industrial vessels fall into this category. Higher-frequency horns concentrate more energy per unit volume but lose effectiveness in deep cavities; see ",[65,1149,218],{"href":217}," for the complementary case.",[94,1152,1154],{"id":1153},"typical-applications","Typical applications",[236,1156,1157,1163,1171,1179,1185,1198],{},[239,1158,1159,1162],{},[65,1160,1161],{"href":72},"Electrostatic precipitators"," — collecting-plate cleaning, hopper de-bridging",[239,1164,1165,87,1168,1170],{},[65,1166,1167],{"href":187},"Preheater cyclones",[65,1169,392],{"href":391}," in cement plants",[239,1172,1173,1175,1176,1178],{},[65,1174,807],{"href":191}," — superheaters, ",[65,1177,812],{"href":811},", economisers",[239,1180,1181,1184],{},[65,1182,1183],{"href":349},"Air heater"," cold-end basket cleaning",[239,1186,1187,1188,74,1192,87,1194],{},"Large ",[65,1189,1191],{"href":1190},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffly-ash-hopper","fly-ash hoppers",[65,1193,201],{"href":200},[65,1195,1197],{"href":1196},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbunker-coal-bunker","bunkers",[239,1199,1200,1203],{},[65,1201,1202],{"href":836},"HRSG harp-tube banks"," in combined-cycle plants",[94,1205,1207],{"id":1206},"indicative-selection-bands","Indicative selection bands",[111,1209,1210,1223],{},[114,1211,1212],{},[117,1213,1214,1217,1220],{},[120,1215,1216],{},"Band",[120,1218,1219],{},"Wavelength in air at 20 °C",[120,1221,1222],{},"Typical use",[127,1224,1225,1236,1247,1258],{},[117,1226,1227,1230,1233],{},[132,1228,1229],{},"60 Hz",[132,1231,1232],{},"~5.7 m",[132,1234,1235],{},"Very large ESPs, recovery boilers, deep silos",[117,1237,1238,1241,1244],{},[132,1239,1240],{},"75 Hz",[132,1242,1243],{},"~4.6 m",[132,1245,1246],{},"ESPs, preheater cyclones, large hoppers",[117,1248,1249,1252,1255],{},[132,1250,1251],{},"125 Hz",[132,1253,1254],{},"~2.7 m",[132,1256,1257],{},"Mid-size ESPs, baghouse compartments, calciners",[117,1259,1260,1263,1266],{},[132,1261,1262],{},"230 Hz",[132,1264,1265],{},"~1.5 m",[132,1267,1268],{},"Boiler convective passes, smaller hoppers, baghouses",[94,1270,234],{"id":233},[236,1272,1273,1277,1281,1286,1290],{},[239,1274,1275],{},[65,1276,47],{"href":281},[239,1278,1279],{},[65,1280,243],{"href":67},[239,1282,1283],{},[65,1284,1285],{"href":217},"High-frequency acoustic cleaner",[239,1287,1288],{},[65,1289,448],{"href":447},[239,1291,1292],{},[65,1293,255],{"href":254},{"title":268,"searchDepth":269,"depth":269,"links":1295},[1296,1297,1298,1299],{"id":1143,"depth":269,"text":1144},{"id":1153,"depth":269,"text":1154},{"id":1206,"depth":269,"text":1207},{"id":233,"depth":269,"text":234},"A low-frequency acoustic cleaner is an industrial sonic horn whose fundamental frequency sits in the 60–250 Hz band. The long acoustic wavelength — between 1.4 and 5.7 metres in air — projects further from the bell horn than higher-frequency designs, fills large open vessels more uniformly and is the default choice for cleaning bulky industrial equipment.",{},[283,458,460,459,286],{"title":1304,"description":1305},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner — 60–250 Hz horn selection guide","Low-frequency acoustic cleaners operate at 60–250 Hz. The long wavelength penetrates deep into large open vessels such as ESPs, recovery boilers and cement preheater cyclones.",[1307,1308],{"title":294,"url":295},{"title":297,"url":298},"glossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","m6cj771ScgiY0798OZ0cdR03A65ardaL1YsF3e8jwFM",1782613734706]