[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":714},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:sinter-plant":45,"glossary-related:sinter-plant":169},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":52,"category":151,"description":152,"extension":153,"meta":154,"navigation":155,"path":156,"relatedTerms":157,"seo":160,"sources":163,"stem":167,"term":47,"__hash__":168},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsinter-plant.md","Sinter plant",[49,50,51],"sintering plant","iron-ore sintering","sinter strand",{"type":53,"value":54,"toc":144},"minimark",[55,75,80,112,116,123,127],[56,57,58,59,63,64,69,70,74],"p",{},"A ",[60,61,62],"strong",{},"sinter plant"," agglomerates iron-ore fines, coke breeze and flux on a moving sinter strand into porous sinter cake that can be charged to the blast furnace. Sinter is the primary iron-bearing feed at most integrated steelworks. The off-gas system carries dust loaded with iron oxides, alkali salts and unburned carbon, and is cleaned by ",[65,66,68],"a",{"href":67},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESP"," followed by ",[65,71,73],{"href":72},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbaghouse","baghouse"," on modern plants.",[76,77,79],"h2",{"id":78},"cleaning-challenges","Cleaning challenges",[81,82,83,90,96,106],"ul",{},[84,85,86,89],"li",{},[60,87,88],{},"Sinter strand ESP"," — heavy iron-oxide dust load, with episodic alkali-rich spikes",[84,91,92,95],{},[60,93,94],{},"Main exhaust filter"," — fine iron-oxide dust accumulates in hoppers",[84,97,98,101,102],{},[60,99,100],{},"Cooler waste-heat boiler"," — fouls when present, see ",[65,103,105],{"href":104},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-heat-boiler","waste-heat boiler",[84,107,108,111],{},[60,109,110],{},"Coke-side dust collection"," — coke breeze and fines",[76,113,115],{"id":114},"sonic-horn-fit","Sonic-horn fit",[56,117,118,122],{},[65,119,121],{"href":120},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horns"," on sinter-plant ESP hoppers and baghouse compartments are routine specifications, particularly on European and East Asian steelworks where particulate-emission limits are tight.",[76,124,126],{"id":125},"related-terms","Related terms",[81,128,129,134,139],{},[84,130,131],{},[65,132,133],{"href":67},"Electrostatic precipitator",[84,135,136],{},[65,137,138],{"href":72},"Baghouse",[84,140,141],{},[65,142,143],{"href":120},"Sonic horn",{"title":145,"searchDepth":146,"depth":146,"links":147},"",2,[148,149,150],{"id":78,"depth":146,"text":79},{"id":114,"depth":146,"text":115},{"id":125,"depth":146,"text":126},"steel-refining","A sinter plant agglomerates iron-ore fines, coke breeze and flux on a moving sinter strand into porous sinter cake that can be charged to the blast furnace. Sinter is the primary iron-bearing feed at most integrated steelworks. The off-gas system carries dust loaded with iron oxides, alkali salts and unburned carbon, and is cleaned by ESP followed by baghouse on modern plants.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsinter-plant",[158,73,159],"electrostatic-precipitator","sonic-horn",{"title":161,"description":162},"Sinter plant — agglomerating iron-ore fines into kiln-ready sinter","A sinter plant agglomerates iron-ore fines, coke breeze and flux into porous sinter cake feedable to the blast furnace. Off-gas ESP and baghouse cleaning are continuous duties.",[164],{"title":165,"url":166},"Wikipedia — Sintering (metallurgy)","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSintering","glossary\u002Fsinter-plant","dEhk9Dl5JxxgnPnDNF6_ZNT9QpQGWqKYdnMe1Czg4Ps",[170,351,476],{"id":171,"title":172,"aliases":173,"body":176,"category":326,"description":327,"extension":153,"meta":328,"navigation":155,"path":67,"relatedTerms":329,"seo":336,"sources":339,"stem":349,"term":133,"__hash__":350},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator.md","Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)",[68,174,175],"electrostatic precipitators","dry ESP",{"type":53,"value":177,"toc":320},[178,194,198,216,220,256,260,292,294],[56,179,180,181,184,185,189,190,193],{},"An ",[60,182,183],{},"electrostatic precipitator (ESP)"," is an air-pollution-control device that removes particulate matter from a flue-gas stream by electrostatically charging dust particles and collecting them on grounded plate electrodes. ESPs are the dominant particulate-control technology on coal-fired boilers, cement kilns, ",[65,186,188],{"href":187},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","waste-to-energy"," plants, ",[65,191,192],{"href":187},"biomass"," plants, sinter strands and many other heavy-industry off-gas streams.",[76,195,197],{"id":196},"how-an-esp-works","How an ESP works",[56,199,200,201,205,206,210,211,215],{},"Flue gas flows horizontally between a parallel array of vertical ",[65,202,204],{"href":203},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcollecting-electrode","collecting electrodes"," (plates) and ",[65,207,209],{"href":208},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdischarge-electrode","discharge electrodes"," (high-voltage wires or rigid spikes). A negative DC potential of 40–80 kV applied to the discharge electrodes generates a ",[65,212,214],{"href":213},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcorona-discharge","corona discharge"," that ionises the gas. Charged dust particles drift to the collecting plates, accumulate as a dust layer, are rapped down into hoppers below and removed by ash-handling equipment.",[76,217,219],{"id":218},"where-sonic-horns-fit","Where sonic horns fit",[56,221,222,223,227,228,230,231,235,236,240,241,245,246,250,251,255],{},"ESPs accumulate dust faster than mechanical rapping can release it, and hoppers below ESP fields routinely ",[65,224,226],{"href":225},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbridging","bridge"," and choke. ",[65,229,121],{"href":120}," installed on the ESP ",[65,232,234],{"href":233},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-penthouse","penthouse"," and on hopper walls keep dust dislodged, supplement ",[65,237,239],{"href":238},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-rapper","rappers",", prevent ",[65,242,244],{"href":243},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fback-corona","back-corona"," by limiting plate dust thickness, and eliminate hopper ",[65,247,249],{"href":248},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frat-holing","rat-holing"," without the structural fatigue of ",[65,252,254],{"href":253},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftumbling-hammer-rapper","tumbling-hammer rappers",".",[76,257,259],{"id":258},"common-failure-modes","Common failure modes",[81,261,262,268,274,280,286],{},[84,263,264,267],{},[60,265,266],{},"High opacity \u002F particulate emissions"," from thick dust layers reducing collection efficiency",[84,269,270,273],{},[60,271,272],{},"Back-corona"," in high-resistivity ash that reverses ionisation and collapses collection",[84,275,276,279],{},[60,277,278],{},"Re-entrainment"," as rapper puffs return dust to the gas stream",[84,281,282,285],{},[60,283,284],{},"Hopper bridging"," that stops ash extraction and triggers field shutdowns",[84,287,288,291],{},[60,289,290],{},"Discharge-electrode breakage"," from rapper fatigue or sparking",[76,293,126],{"id":125},[81,295,296,301,306,310,316],{},[84,297,298],{},[65,299,300],{"href":203},"Collecting electrode",[84,302,303],{},[65,304,305],{"href":208},"Discharge electrode",[84,307,308],{},[65,309,272],{"href":243},[84,311,312],{},[65,313,315],{"href":314},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-hopper","ESP hopper",[84,317,318],{},[65,319,143],{"href":120},{"title":145,"searchDepth":146,"depth":146,"links":321},[322,323,324,325],{"id":196,"depth":146,"text":197},{"id":218,"depth":146,"text":219},{"id":258,"depth":146,"text":259},{"id":125,"depth":146,"text":126},"esp","An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is an air-pollution-control device that removes particulate matter from a flue-gas stream by electrostatically charging dust particles and collecting them on grounded plate electrodes. ESPs are the dominant particulate-control technology on coal-fired boilers, cement kilns, waste-to-energy plants, biomass plants, sinter strands and many other heavy-industry off-gas streams.",{},[330,331,332,333,334,335,244,159],"wet-esp","collecting-electrode","discharge-electrode","corona-discharge","esp-hopper","esp-rapper",{"title":337,"description":338},"Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) — how it works and how it fouls","An ESP removes particulate from flue gas by charging dust and collecting it on plate electrodes. Sonic horns are widely used to dislodge ash from plates and to keep hoppers from bridging.",[340,343,346],{"title":341,"url":342},"Wikipedia — Electrostatic precipitator","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FElectrostatic_precipitator",{"title":344,"url":345},"EPA — Monitoring Knowledge Base: Electrostatic Precipitators","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fair-emissions-monitoring-knowledge-base\u002Fmonitoring-control-technique-electrostatic-precipitators",{"title":347,"url":348},"Babcock & Wilcox — Basics of ESP Operation","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.babcock.com\u002Fhome\u002Fabout\u002Fresources\u002Flearning-center\u002Fbasic-esp-operation","glossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","hT_C4hmid3iZaYWhLpiSJ2tBfL0bSJ-uhzn7TY4Vtj4",{"id":352,"title":138,"aliases":353,"body":357,"category":73,"description":460,"extension":153,"meta":461,"navigation":155,"path":72,"relatedTerms":462,"seo":467,"sources":470,"stem":474,"term":138,"__hash__":475},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fbaghouse.md",[354,355,356],"baghouses","bag filter house","dust collector house",{"type":53,"value":358,"toc":455},[359,379,383,395,399,402,419,421],[56,360,58,361,363,364,368,369,373,374,378],{},[60,362,73],{}," is the structural enclosure that houses the bags, cages, cleaning system, ",[65,365,367],{"href":366},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftubesheet","tubesheet",", ",[65,370,372],{"href":371},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fplenum-clean-side-dirty-side","plenums"," and hoppers of a ",[65,375,377],{"href":376},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffabric-filter","fabric-filter"," dust collector. The word is used in both broad (\"the plant has a 12-compartment baghouse\") and narrow (\"a baghouse is the housing, the fabric filter is the system\") senses; in everyday industry practice the two terms overlap.",[76,380,382],{"id":381},"compartmented-design","Compartmented design",[56,384,385,386,390,391,394],{},"Large industrial baghouses are subdivided into several compartments — each with its own gas-flow damper — so that one compartment can be isolated for offline cleaning or bag replacement while the rest stay online. The standard ",[65,387,389],{"href":388},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpulse-jet-baghouse","pulse-jet"," compartment count for utility duty is 8–16; cement and ",[65,392,393],{"href":187},"WtE"," baghouses may run 20+.",[76,396,398],{"id":397},"why-sonic-horns-help","Why sonic horns help",[56,400,401],{},"Sonic horns mounted at compartment level address fouling that the primary cleaning system (pulse-jet, reverse-air or shaker) cannot reach:",[81,403,404,407,413,416],{},[84,405,406],{},"Bag-row dead zones at the back of the compartment",[84,408,409,412],{},[65,410,411],{"href":366},"Tubesheet"," area dust deposits",[84,414,415],{},"Hopper bridging below the bags",[84,417,418],{},"Inlet-plenum dust dropout",[76,420,126],{"id":125},[81,422,423,428,433,439,445,451],{},[84,424,425],{},[65,426,427],{"href":376},"Fabric filter",[84,429,430],{},[65,431,432],{"href":388},"Pulse-jet baghouse",[84,434,435],{},[65,436,438],{"href":437},"\u002Fglossary\u002Freverse-air-baghouse","Reverse-air baghouse",[84,440,441],{},[65,442,444],{"href":443},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fshaker-baghouse","Shaker baghouse",[84,446,447],{},[65,448,450],{"href":449},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcompartment-isolation","Compartment isolation",[84,452,453],{},[65,454,143],{"href":120},{"title":145,"searchDepth":146,"depth":146,"links":456},[457,458,459],{"id":381,"depth":146,"text":382},{"id":397,"depth":146,"text":398},{"id":125,"depth":146,"text":126},"A baghouse is the structural enclosure that houses the bags, cages, cleaning system, tubesheet, plenums and hoppers of a fabric-filter dust collector. The word is used in both broad (\"the plant has a 12-compartment baghouse\") and narrow (\"a baghouse is the housing, the fabric filter is the system\") senses; in everyday industry practice the two terms overlap.",{},[377,463,464,465,466,159],"pulse-jet-baghouse","reverse-air-baghouse","shaker-baghouse","compartment-isolation",{"title":468,"description":469},"Baghouse — vessel that houses fabric-filter bags for industrial dust control","A baghouse is the structural enclosure that holds the bags, cages, tubesheet, cleaning system and hoppers of a fabric-filter dust collector. Sized in compartments for online isolation.",[471],{"title":472,"url":473},"Wikipedia — Baghouse","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaghouse","glossary\u002Fbaghouse","TraeRQp5lNGOrkFkwjsoYRrhIIRrMkFonwryXyc1wGw",{"id":477,"title":143,"aliases":478,"body":482,"category":689,"description":690,"extension":153,"meta":691,"navigation":155,"path":120,"relatedTerms":692,"seo":699,"sources":702,"stem":712,"term":143,"__hash__":713},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn.md",[479,480,481],"sonic horns","sonic cleaning horn","industrial sonic horn",{"type":53,"value":483,"toc":682},[484,513,517,525,529,597,601,638,642,650,652],[56,485,58,486,489,490,494,495,368,498,368,500,368,504,508,509,255],{},[60,487,488],{},"sonic horn"," is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of ",[65,491,493],{"href":492},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner","acoustic cleaner"," and the default specification for cleaning ",[65,496,497],{"href":67},"ESPs",[65,499,354],{"href":376},[65,501,503],{"href":502},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR catalysts",[65,505,507],{"href":506},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","boiler heat-transfer surfaces"," and ",[65,510,512],{"href":511},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","hoppers and silos",[76,514,516],{"id":515},"how-a-sonic-horn-works","How a sonic horn works",[56,518,519,520,524],{},"Compressed plant air admitted through a ",[65,521,523],{"href":522},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","solenoid valve"," drives a metal diaphragm — typically titanium or 316 stainless — into resonant oscillation at the horn's fundamental frequency. The oscillating pressure field is amplified by an exponential bell horn and projected into the vessel as a near-spherical sound wave. Particulate already deposited on internal surfaces receives an oscillating acceleration that overcomes adhesion; loosened material is then carried out with the gas flow before it can sinter, bridge or bond. Because the cleaning is acoustic and non-contact, the horn can fire while the plant is online without tube erosion, refractory damage or thermal shock.",[76,526,528],{"id":527},"key-parameters","Key parameters",[530,531,532,545],"table",{},[533,534,535],"thead",{},[536,537,538,542],"tr",{},[539,540,541],"th",{},"Parameter",[539,543,544],{},"Typical range",[546,547,548,557,565,573,581,589],"tbody",{},[536,549,550,554],{},[551,552,553],"td",{},"Fundamental frequency",[551,555,556],{},"60–400 Hz",[536,558,559,562],{},[551,560,561],{},"Sound pressure level",[551,563,564],{},"140–180 dB",[536,566,567,570],{},[551,568,569],{},"Compressed-air consumption",[551,571,572],{},"8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin at 4–7 bar",[536,574,575,578],{},[551,576,577],{},"Operating temperature (with appropriate materials)",[551,579,580],{},"−40 °C to +500 °C",[536,582,583,586],{},[551,584,585],{},"Firing cycle",[551,587,588],{},"5–15 s burst, repeated every 3–15 minutes",[536,590,591,594],{},[551,592,593],{},"Mass",[551,595,596],{},"15–60 kg depending on horn size",[76,598,600],{"id":599},"frequency-selection","Frequency selection",[56,602,603,604,368,608,612,613,368,617,621,622,368,625,629,630,508,634,255],{},"Lower frequencies (60–125 Hz) project longer wavelengths and penetrate further into large open vessels — ",[65,605,607],{"href":606},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","preheater cyclones",[65,609,611],{"href":610},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","recovery-boiler superheaters",", large ",[65,614,616],{"href":615},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-field-bus-section","ESP fields",[65,618,620],{"href":619},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silos",". Higher frequencies (230–400 Hz) carry more energy per unit volume and suit finer dust loads in ",[65,623,624],{"href":376},"fabric-filter compartments",[65,626,628],{"href":627},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhoneycomb-catalyst","catalyst layers"," and smaller hopper geometries. See ",[65,631,633],{"href":632},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","low-frequency acoustic cleaner",[65,635,637],{"href":636},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency acoustic cleaner",[76,639,641],{"id":640},"sonic-horn-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic horn vs steam sootblower",[56,643,644,645,649],{},"Sonic horns are increasingly specified alongside or in place of ",[65,646,648],{"href":647},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","steam sootblowers"," because they consume no boiler-grade steam, cause no tube erosion, require almost no moving parts and can fire every few minutes without operator intervention. They are less effective on hard, fused slag than retractable steam lances, so on furnace waterwalls and high-temperature superheaters they typically complement rather than replace mechanical cleaning.",[76,651,126],{"id":125},[81,653,654,659,665,671,677],{},[84,655,656],{},[65,657,658],{"href":492},"Acoustic cleaner",[84,660,661],{},[65,662,664],{"href":663},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",[84,666,667],{},[65,668,670],{"href":669},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbell-horn","Bell horn",[84,672,673],{},[65,674,676],{"href":675},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","Diaphragm horn",[84,678,679],{},[65,680,681],{"href":632},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner",{"title":145,"searchDepth":146,"depth":146,"links":683},[684,685,686,687,688],{"id":515,"depth":146,"text":516},{"id":527,"depth":146,"text":528},{"id":599,"depth":146,"text":600},{"id":640,"depth":146,"text":641},{"id":125,"depth":146,"text":126},"core-technology","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of acoustic cleaner and the default specification for cleaning ESPs, baghouses, SCR catalysts, boiler heat-transfer surfaces and hoppers and silos.",{},[693,694,695,696,697,698],"acoustic-cleaner","acoustic-cleaning-system","sonic-sootblower","bell-horn","diaphragm-horn","low-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":700,"description":701},"Sonic horn — definition, frequency, SPL and industrial applications","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven low-frequency sound emitter (typically 60–400 Hz at 140–180 dB SPL) used to dislodge particulate fouling from boilers, ESPs, baghouses and process vessels.",[703,706,709],{"title":704,"url":705},"Power Engineering — Sonic Horns: A User's Introduction","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Fsonic-horns-a-userrsquos-introduction\u002F",{"title":707,"url":708},"Power Engineering — Tuning in to Acoustic Cleaning","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Ftuning-in-to-acoustic-cleaning\u002F",{"title":710,"url":711},"Wikipedia — Sonic soot blowers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSonic_soot_blowers","glossary\u002Fsonic-horn","YzrhN0kKzqSaQo0wfn0rueNZ-V43mcg5zahqeWi3lnU",1782613757146]