[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":994},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:kiln-inlet-riser-duct":45,"glossary-related:kiln-inlet-riser-duct":200},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":52,"category":179,"description":180,"extension":181,"meta":182,"navigation":183,"path":184,"relatedTerms":185,"seo":190,"sources":193,"stem":197,"term":198,"__hash__":199},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fkiln-inlet-riser-duct.md","Kiln inlet \u002F riser duct",[49,50,51],"kiln inlet","riser duct","kiln riser",{"type":53,"value":54,"toc":172},"minimark",[55,80,85,108,116,120,141,145],[56,57,58,59,63,64,69,70,74,75,79],"p",{},"The ",[60,61,62],"strong",{},"kiln inlet \u002F riser duct"," is the connection between the upper end of the ",[65,66,68],"a",{"href":67},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frotary-kiln","rotary kiln"," and the ",[65,71,73],{"href":72},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcalciner","calciner"," \u002F ",[65,76,78],{"href":77},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-tower","preheater tower"," above. Hot kiln gas rises through the inlet into the calciner, and pre-calcined meal descends from the calciner into the kiln. The geometry — narrow, hot, dust-laden — makes this the single most fouled location in any cement plant.",[81,82,84],"h2",{"id":83},"why-it-fouls-so-heavily","Why it fouls so heavily",[86,87,88,92,95,98,105],"ul",{},[89,90,91],"li",{},"Temperature is in the alkali \u002F chloride condensation window (~800 °C at the inlet)",[89,93,94],{},"Gas-side velocity is high",[89,96,97],{},"Sticky pre-calcined meal contacts cooler steel and refractory",[89,99,100,104],{},[65,101,103],{"href":102},"\u002Fglossary\u002Falternative-fuel","Alternative fuel"," firing in the calciner adds chlorine and sulphur to the gas",[89,106,107],{},"The bend geometry creates dead zones where build-up accelerates",[56,109,110,111,115],{},"The visible result is the ",[65,112,114],{"href":113},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fkiln-inlet-ring-snowman","kiln-inlet ring or \"snowman\""," — a massive accretion that can completely block the gas path if untreated.",[81,117,119],{"id":118},"cleaning-intensity","Cleaning intensity",[56,121,122,123,130,131,135,136,140],{},"Cement plants typically run ",[60,124,125,126],{},"multiple ",[65,127,129],{"href":128},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","sonic horns"," concentrated on the kiln inlet, supplemented by ",[65,132,134],{"href":133},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-cannon-air-blaster","air cannons"," for periodic remediation and manual water-lancing during planned outages. The mix and intensity scale up sharply on plants running > 50% ",[65,137,139],{"href":138},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fthermal-substitution-rate","TSR",".",[81,142,144],{"id":143},"related-terms","Related terms",[86,146,147,152,157,162,167],{},[89,148,149],{},[65,150,151],{"href":67},"Rotary kiln",[89,153,154],{},[65,155,156],{"href":77},"Preheater tower",[89,158,159],{},[65,160,161],{"href":113},"Kiln-inlet ring \u002F snowman",[89,163,164],{},[65,165,166],{"href":72},"Calciner",[89,168,169],{},[65,170,171],{"href":128},"Sonic horn",{"title":173,"searchDepth":174,"depth":174,"links":175},"",2,[176,177,178],{"id":83,"depth":174,"text":84},{"id":118,"depth":174,"text":119},{"id":143,"depth":174,"text":144},"cement","The kiln inlet \u002F riser duct is the connection between the upper end of the rotary kiln and the calciner \u002F preheater tower above. Hot kiln gas rises through the inlet into the calciner, and pre-calcined meal descends from the calciner into the kiln. The geometry — narrow, hot, dust-laden — makes this the single most fouled location in any cement plant.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fkiln-inlet-riser-duct",[186,187,188,73,189],"rotary-kiln","preheater-tower","kiln-inlet-ring-snowman","sonic-horn",{"title":191,"description":192},"Kiln inlet and riser duct — the most-fouled point in any cement plant","The kiln inlet \u002F riser duct is the connection between the rotary kiln and the calciner \u002F preheater. It is the most-fouled location in any cement plant, the focal point for sonic-horn cleaning.",[194],{"title":195,"url":196},"Wikipedia — Cement kiln","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCement_kiln","glossary\u002Fkiln-inlet-riser-duct","Kiln inlet and riser duct","mSo67H5oiYYmuvreXfG8RTQB2lyD_SYb0CEy4PCxPPk",[201,337,479,637,756],{"id":202,"title":151,"aliases":203,"body":206,"category":179,"description":324,"extension":181,"meta":325,"navigation":183,"path":67,"relatedTerms":326,"seo":330,"sources":333,"stem":335,"term":151,"__hash__":336},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Frotary-kiln.md",[204,205],"cement kiln","rotary cement kiln",{"type":53,"value":207,"toc":318},[208,219,223,237,241,244,248,251,286,292,294],[56,209,210,211,213,214,218],{},"A ",[60,212,68],{}," is a long (typically 50–100 m), large-diameter (typically 4–6 m), gently inclined rotating steel cylinder lined with refractory brick where preheated raw meal is burned at flame temperatures of ~2,000 °C and material temperatures of ~1,450 °C to form ",[65,215,217],{"href":216},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fclinker","clinker",". The rotary kiln is the heart of every cement plant.",[81,220,222],{"id":221},"layout","Layout",[56,224,225,226,228,229,231,232,236],{},"The kiln is fed at its upper end by raw meal pre-calcined in the ",[65,227,78],{"href":77}," and ",[65,230,73],{"href":72},". The main burner fires at the lower (clinker discharge) end, opposing the gas flow direction. Discharged clinker falls into the ",[65,233,235],{"href":234},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fclinker-cooler","clinker cooler"," below.",[81,238,240],{"id":239},"why-kiln-stops-are-catastrophic","Why kiln stops are catastrophic",[56,242,243],{},"A cement kiln is designed for continuous operation. Stopping and restarting the kiln means cooling and re-heating massive refractory mass, which damages the lining and incurs substantial fuel cost. A typical unplanned kiln stop loses 24–72 hours of clinker production, equivalent to thousands of tonnes of lost output.",[81,245,247],{"id":246},"what-stops-the-kiln","What stops the kiln",[56,249,250],{},"Most unplanned kiln stops trace to upstream or downstream problems rather than the kiln itself:",[86,252,253,261,268,274,280],{},[89,254,255,258,259],{},[60,256,257],{},"Preheater pluggage"," — see ",[65,260,78],{"href":77},[89,262,263,267],{},[60,264,265],{},[65,266,161],{"href":113}," formation",[89,269,270,273],{},[60,271,272],{},"Clinker cooler upset"," — bridging in the cooler hopper",[89,275,276,279],{},[60,277,278],{},"Calciner pluggage"," — accreted build-up from AFR firing",[89,281,282,285],{},[60,283,284],{},"ID-fan trip"," — fouled blades causing vibration",[56,287,288,291],{},[65,289,290],{"href":128},"Sonic horns"," installed across the preheater, calciner and kiln-inlet area address several of these directly.",[81,293,144],{"id":143},[86,295,296,301,306,310,314],{},[89,297,298],{},[65,299,300],{"href":216},"Clinker",[89,302,303],{},[65,304,305],{"href":234},"Clinker cooler",[89,307,308],{},[65,309,47],{"href":184},[89,311,312],{},[65,313,156],{"href":77},[89,315,316],{},[65,317,103],{"href":102},{"title":173,"searchDepth":174,"depth":174,"links":319},[320,321,322,323],{"id":221,"depth":174,"text":222},{"id":239,"depth":174,"text":240},{"id":246,"depth":174,"text":247},{"id":143,"depth":174,"text":144},"A rotary kiln is a long (typically 50–100 m), large-diameter (typically 4–6 m), gently inclined rotating steel cylinder lined with refractory brick where preheated raw meal is burned at flame temperatures of ~2,000 °C and material temperatures of ~1,450 °C to form clinker. The rotary kiln is the heart of every cement plant.",{},[217,327,328,187,329],"clinker-cooler","kiln-inlet-riser-duct","alternative-fuel",{"title":331,"description":332},"Rotary kiln — the heart of the cement plant","A rotary kiln is a long inclined rotating cylinder where preheated raw meal is burned at 1,450 °C to form clinker. The heart of every cement plant.",[334],{"title":195,"url":196},"glossary\u002Frotary-kiln","MIYT9G3DCofPYVl4SqD8erG8mcl6gg4VWmUXfvLV0fc",{"id":338,"title":156,"aliases":339,"body":343,"category":179,"description":464,"extension":181,"meta":465,"navigation":183,"path":77,"relatedTerms":466,"seo":469,"sources":472,"stem":477,"term":156,"__hash__":478},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-tower.md",[340,341,342],"cement preheater","preheater tower cement","cyclone preheater",{"type":53,"value":344,"toc":459},[345,358,362,373,389,393,396,426,429,431],[56,346,210,347,349,350,354,355,357],{},[60,348,78],{}," is a vertical stack of ",[65,351,353],{"href":352},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","cyclone separators"," that pre-heats incoming raw meal with hot exhaust gas from the ",[65,356,68],{"href":67}," before the meal enters the kiln itself. Modern cement plants use 4-, 5- or 6-stage preheater towers, recovering enough heat from kiln exhaust to deliver raw meal to the kiln at 800–900 °C.",[81,359,361],{"id":360},"why-preheater-towers-are-fouling-prone","Why preheater towers are fouling-prone",[56,363,364,365,367,368,372],{},"The lower preheater stages — and especially the ",[65,366,62],{"href":184}," — sit in a temperature window (700–900 °C) where alkali sulphates and chlorides condense from the gas onto cooler refractory and steel surfaces. The resulting ",[65,369,371],{"href":370},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbuild-up-coating-accretion","build-up \u002F coating \u002F accretion"," grows progressively, narrows the gas path, and eventually causes a kiln stop for manual cleaning.",[56,374,375,376,379,380,384,385,140],{},"The fouling intensifies when ",[65,377,378],{"href":102},"alternative fuels (AFR)"," — ",[65,381,383],{"href":382},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf","RDF \u002F SRF \u002F TDF"," — replace conventional fossil fuels, because waste fuels release more chlorine and sulphur into the ",[65,386,388],{"href":387},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsulphur-cycle-chloride-cycle-alkali-cycle","sulphur and chloride cycles",[81,390,392],{"id":391},"cleaning-the-preheater","Cleaning the preheater",[56,394,395],{},"Acoustic cleaning is the dominant preventive technology on modern cement preheater towers:",[86,397,398,406,414,420],{},[89,399,400,405],{},[60,401,402,404],{},[65,403,290],{"href":128}," at 75–125 Hz"," mounted on the lower-stage cyclones and the kiln-inlet area",[89,407,408,413],{},[60,409,410],{},[65,411,412],{"href":133},"Air cannons"," as periodic remediation for the heaviest deposits",[89,415,416,419],{},[60,417,418],{},"Manual water-lancing"," during planned outages",[89,421,422,425],{},[60,423,424],{},"Operator monitoring"," of cyclone ΔP and meal-flow indicators as early warning",[56,427,428],{},"The Sylio value proposition on cement preheaters is preserving kiln availability — every avoided unplanned stop is worth 24–72 hours of clinker production.",[81,430,144],{"id":143},[86,432,433,438,442,446,450,455],{},[89,434,435],{},[65,436,437],{"href":352},"Preheater cyclone",[89,439,440],{},[65,441,166],{"href":72},[89,443,444],{},[65,445,151],{"href":67},[89,447,448],{},[65,449,47],{"href":184},[89,451,452],{},[65,453,454],{"href":138},"Thermal substitution rate",[89,456,457],{},[65,458,171],{"href":128},{"title":173,"searchDepth":174,"depth":174,"links":460},[461,462,463],{"id":360,"depth":174,"text":361},{"id":391,"depth":174,"text":392},{"id":143,"depth":174,"text":144},"A preheater tower is a vertical stack of cyclone separators that pre-heats incoming raw meal with hot exhaust gas from the rotary kiln before the meal enters the kiln itself. Modern cement plants use 4-, 5- or 6-stage preheater towers, recovering enough heat from kiln exhaust to deliver raw meal to the kiln at 800–900 °C.",{},[467,73,186,328,468,189],"preheater-cyclone","thermal-substitution-rate",{"title":470,"description":471},"Preheater tower — multi-stage cyclone heat exchanger feeding the cement kiln","A preheater tower is a vertical stack of cyclone separators that pre-heats raw meal with kiln exhaust gas before it enters the rotary kiln. The most fouling-prone section of any cement plant.",[473,474],{"title":195,"url":196},{"title":475,"url":476},"ECRA — Sulphur and Chloride Cycles","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecra-online.org\u002Fnewsletters\u002Fsulphur-and-chloride-cycles-and-the-use-of-alternative-fuels-or-raw-materials","glossary\u002Fpreheater-tower","nTZjuMnzN9vAh_OaO2iJWciYrv1LpKAM_yqg0BNl5TM",{"id":480,"title":481,"aliases":482,"body":487,"category":179,"description":625,"extension":181,"meta":626,"navigation":183,"path":113,"relatedTerms":627,"seo":629,"sources":632,"stem":634,"term":635,"__hash__":636},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fkiln-inlet-ring-snowman.md","Kiln-inlet ring \u002F \"snowman\"",[483,484,485,486],"snowman","kiln inlet ring","ring formation","inlet ring",{"type":53,"value":488,"toc":619},[489,505,509,519,534,538,564,568,598,600],[56,490,58,491,494,495,498,499,501,502,504],{},[60,492,493],{},"kiln-inlet ring"," (also commonly called a ",[60,496,497],{},"\"snowman\""," for its characteristic shape) is a massive accretion of alkali-sulphate and chloride-bearing material that forms at the ",[65,500,62],{"href":184}," of a cement plant. A fully-developed snowman can be metres across, weigh several tonnes, and completely block the gas path between the kiln and the ",[65,503,73],{"href":72}," above.",[81,506,508],{"id":507},"why-it-forms","Why it forms",[56,510,511,512,514,515,518],{},"Snowmen are driven by the ",[65,513,388],{"href":387}," — volatile species evaporate from the kiln burning zone, are carried upward in the gas, condense in the cooler kiln-inlet region, and accumulate as a sticky ",[65,516,517],{"href":370},"build-up"," on the kiln-inlet refractory and steel.",[56,520,521,522,525,526,529,530,533],{},"The problem intensifies sharply when plants run high ",[65,523,524],{"href":138},"thermal substitution rates (TSR)"," on ",[65,527,528],{"href":102},"alternative fuels"," such as ",[65,531,532],{"href":382},"RDF, SRF and TDF",", all of which carry more chlorine and sulphur than fossil-fuel coal or coke.",[81,535,537],{"id":536},"consequences","Consequences",[86,539,540,546,552,558],{},[89,541,542,545],{},[60,543,544],{},"Kiln stop"," when the snowman blocks the gas path",[89,547,548,551],{},[60,549,550],{},"Manual cleaning"," by hammer and lance during the outage — slow, hazardous, intensive",[89,553,554,557],{},[60,555,556],{},"Refractory damage"," from the cleaning operation itself",[89,559,560,563],{},[60,561,562],{},"Lost clinker output"," — 24–72 hours per snowman event",[81,565,567],{"id":566},"prevention","Prevention",[86,569,570,577,586,592],{},[89,571,572,576],{},[60,573,574],{},[65,575,290],{"href":128}," on the kiln inlet — continuous prevention of the early build-up",[89,578,579,585],{},[60,580,581],{},[65,582,584],{"href":583},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fchloride-bypass","Chloride bypass"," — extracting a slipstream of gas to remove chloride from the cycle",[89,587,588,591],{},[60,589,590],{},"Operating discipline"," on raw-meal alkali \u002F chloride \u002F sulphur ratios",[89,593,594,597],{},[60,595,596],{},"Limiting AFR rate"," below the plant's calibrated threshold",[81,599,144],{"id":143},[86,601,602,606,610,615],{},[89,603,604],{},[65,605,47],{"href":184},[89,607,608],{},[65,609,151],{"href":67},[89,611,612],{},[65,613,614],{"href":370},"Build-up \u002F coating \u002F accretion",[89,616,617],{},[65,618,171],{"href":128},{"title":173,"searchDepth":174,"depth":174,"links":620},[621,622,623,624],{"id":507,"depth":174,"text":508},{"id":536,"depth":174,"text":537},{"id":566,"depth":174,"text":567},{"id":143,"depth":174,"text":144},"The kiln-inlet ring (also commonly called a \"snowman\" for its characteristic shape) is a massive accretion of alkali-sulphate and chloride-bearing material that forms at the kiln inlet \u002F riser duct of a cement plant. A fully-developed snowman can be metres across, weigh several tonnes, and completely block the gas path between the kiln and the calciner above.",{},[328,186,628,189],"build-up-coating-accretion",{"title":630,"description":631},"Snowman and kiln-inlet ring — massive cement-kiln accretions explained","A snowman is a massive accretion at the cement kiln inlet that can completely block the gas path. Driven by sulphur and chloride cycles, intensified by alternative fuels.",[633],{"title":475,"url":476},"glossary\u002Fkiln-inlet-ring-snowman","Kiln-inlet ring and snowman","Z2YQmdoDYW5C0Fr4ZHFSn8XqsumMH83aHRDfgj31LQY",{"id":638,"title":166,"aliases":639,"body":644,"category":179,"description":746,"extension":181,"meta":747,"navigation":183,"path":72,"relatedTerms":748,"seo":749,"sources":752,"stem":754,"term":166,"__hash__":755},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcalciner.md",[640,641,642,643],"cement calciner","inline calciner","separate calciner","precalciner",{"type":53,"value":645,"toc":740},[646,667,671,684,688,708,712,715,717],[56,647,210,648,650,651,653,654,657,658,661,662,666],{},[60,649,73],{}," is the combustion chamber in a modern cement preheater tower where raw meal is pre-calcined — the endothermic CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂ reaction is driven to ~90% completion — before the meal enters the ",[65,652,68],{"href":67},". Calciners can be ",[60,655,656],{},"inline"," (placed in the kiln-riser gas path) or ",[60,659,660],{},"separate"," (a dedicated combustion chamber receiving tertiary air through a dedicated ",[65,663,665],{"href":664},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftertiary-air-duct","tertiary air duct",").",[81,668,670],{"id":669},"afr-firing","AFR firing",[56,672,673,674,676,677,680,681,683],{},"Calciners are the dominant firing location for ",[65,675,528],{"href":102}," (",[65,678,679],{"href":382},"RDF, SRF, TDF",", sewage sludge). They tolerate variable-quality waste fuels better than the main kiln burner because residence time is longer and temperatures are lower. Cement plants targeting high ",[65,682,524],{"href":138}," concentrate their AFR firing in the calciner.",[81,685,687],{"id":686},"fouling","Fouling",[56,689,690,691,694,695,697,698,700,701,704,705,707],{},"AFR firing in the calciner raises the chlorine and sulphur loading of the gas reaching the ",[65,692,693],{"href":352},"preheater cyclones"," above. This intensifies the ",[65,696,517],{"href":370}," problem in the lower preheater stages and the ",[65,699,51],{"href":184},", driving the need for ",[65,702,703],{"href":583},"chloride bypass"," and active ",[65,706,189],{"href":128}," cleaning.",[81,709,711],{"id":710},"cleaning","Cleaning",[56,713,714],{},"Sonic horns are mounted on calciner walls and on the calciner outlet to the preheater stage 5 cyclone, keeping the gas path free of the alkali coatings that accumulate at high AFR rates.",[81,716,144],{"id":143},[86,718,719,723,727,731,736],{},[89,720,721],{},[65,722,156],{"href":77},[89,724,725],{},[65,726,437],{"href":352},[89,728,729],{},[65,730,151],{"href":67},[89,732,733],{},[65,734,735],{"href":102},"Alternative fuel (AFR)",[89,737,738],{},[65,739,171],{"href":128},{"title":173,"searchDepth":174,"depth":174,"links":741},[742,743,744,745],{"id":669,"depth":174,"text":670},{"id":686,"depth":174,"text":687},{"id":710,"depth":174,"text":711},{"id":143,"depth":174,"text":144},"A calciner is the combustion chamber in a modern cement preheater tower where raw meal is pre-calcined — the endothermic CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂ reaction is driven to ~90% completion — before the meal enters the rotary kiln. Calciners can be inline (placed in the kiln-riser gas path) or separate (a dedicated combustion chamber receiving tertiary air through a dedicated tertiary air duct).",{},[187,467,186,329,189],{"title":750,"description":751},"Calciner — cement-plant pre-calcination chamber for raw meal","A calciner is a combustion chamber in the cement preheater tower where raw meal is pre-calcined (CaCO3 → CaO) before entering the rotary kiln. Common site for AFR firing.",[753],{"title":195,"url":196},"glossary\u002Fcalciner","7__3zwaD-YwbWIprz3qMM76tTceT3xtEYbzJgZ_dq1s",{"id":757,"title":171,"aliases":758,"body":761,"category":969,"description":970,"extension":181,"meta":971,"navigation":183,"path":128,"relatedTerms":972,"seo":979,"sources":982,"stem":992,"term":171,"__hash__":993},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn.md",[129,759,760],"sonic cleaning horn","industrial sonic horn",{"type":53,"value":762,"toc":962},[763,795,799,807,811,879,883,918,922,930,932],[56,764,210,765,768,769,773,774,778,779,778,783,778,787,228,791,140],{},[60,766,767],{},"sonic horn"," is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of ",[65,770,772],{"href":771},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner","acoustic cleaner"," and the default specification for cleaning ",[65,775,777],{"href":776},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESPs",", ",[65,780,782],{"href":781},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffabric-filter","baghouses",[65,784,786],{"href":785},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR catalysts",[65,788,790],{"href":789},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","boiler heat-transfer surfaces",[65,792,794],{"href":793},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","hoppers and silos",[81,796,798],{"id":797},"how-a-sonic-horn-works","How a sonic horn works",[56,800,801,802,806],{},"Compressed plant air admitted through a ",[65,803,805],{"href":804},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","solenoid valve"," drives a metal diaphragm — typically titanium or 316 stainless — into resonant oscillation at the horn's fundamental frequency. The oscillating pressure field is amplified by an exponential bell horn and projected into the vessel as a near-spherical sound wave. Particulate already deposited on internal surfaces receives an oscillating acceleration that overcomes adhesion; loosened material is then carried out with the gas flow before it can sinter, bridge or bond. Because the cleaning is acoustic and non-contact, the horn can fire while the plant is online without tube erosion, refractory damage or thermal shock.",[81,808,810],{"id":809},"key-parameters","Key parameters",[812,813,814,827],"table",{},[815,816,817],"thead",{},[818,819,820,824],"tr",{},[821,822,823],"th",{},"Parameter",[821,825,826],{},"Typical range",[828,829,830,839,847,855,863,871],"tbody",{},[818,831,832,836],{},[833,834,835],"td",{},"Fundamental frequency",[833,837,838],{},"60–400 Hz",[818,840,841,844],{},[833,842,843],{},"Sound pressure level",[833,845,846],{},"140–180 dB",[818,848,849,852],{},[833,850,851],{},"Compressed-air consumption",[833,853,854],{},"8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin at 4–7 bar",[818,856,857,860],{},[833,858,859],{},"Operating temperature (with appropriate materials)",[833,861,862],{},"−40 °C to +500 °C",[818,864,865,868],{},[833,866,867],{},"Firing cycle",[833,869,870],{},"5–15 s burst, repeated every 3–15 minutes",[818,872,873,876],{},[833,874,875],{},"Mass",[833,877,878],{},"15–60 kg depending on horn size",[81,880,882],{"id":881},"frequency-selection","Frequency selection",[56,884,885,886,778,888,892,893,778,897,901,902,778,905,909,910,228,914,140],{},"Lower frequencies (60–125 Hz) project longer wavelengths and penetrate further into large open vessels — ",[65,887,693],{"href":352},[65,889,891],{"href":890},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","recovery-boiler superheaters",", large ",[65,894,896],{"href":895},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-field-bus-section","ESP fields",[65,898,900],{"href":899},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silos",". Higher frequencies (230–400 Hz) carry more energy per unit volume and suit finer dust loads in ",[65,903,904],{"href":781},"fabric-filter compartments",[65,906,908],{"href":907},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhoneycomb-catalyst","catalyst layers"," and smaller hopper geometries. See ",[65,911,913],{"href":912},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","low-frequency acoustic cleaner",[65,915,917],{"href":916},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency acoustic cleaner",[81,919,921],{"id":920},"sonic-horn-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic horn vs steam sootblower",[56,923,924,925,929],{},"Sonic horns are increasingly specified alongside or in place of ",[65,926,928],{"href":927},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","steam sootblowers"," because they consume no boiler-grade steam, cause no tube erosion, require almost no moving parts and can fire every few minutes without operator intervention. They are less effective on hard, fused slag than retractable steam lances, so on furnace waterwalls and high-temperature superheaters they typically complement rather than replace mechanical cleaning.",[81,931,144],{"id":143},[86,933,934,939,945,951,957],{},[89,935,936],{},[65,937,938],{"href":771},"Acoustic cleaner",[89,940,941],{},[65,942,944],{"href":943},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",[89,946,947],{},[65,948,950],{"href":949},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbell-horn","Bell horn",[89,952,953],{},[65,954,956],{"href":955},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","Diaphragm horn",[89,958,959],{},[65,960,961],{"href":912},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner",{"title":173,"searchDepth":174,"depth":174,"links":963},[964,965,966,967,968],{"id":797,"depth":174,"text":798},{"id":809,"depth":174,"text":810},{"id":881,"depth":174,"text":882},{"id":920,"depth":174,"text":921},{"id":143,"depth":174,"text":144},"core-technology","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of acoustic cleaner and the default specification for cleaning ESPs, baghouses, SCR catalysts, boiler heat-transfer surfaces and hoppers and silos.",{},[973,974,975,976,977,978],"acoustic-cleaner","acoustic-cleaning-system","sonic-sootblower","bell-horn","diaphragm-horn","low-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":980,"description":981},"Sonic horn — definition, frequency, SPL and industrial applications","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven low-frequency sound emitter (typically 60–400 Hz at 140–180 dB SPL) used to dislodge particulate fouling from boilers, ESPs, baghouses and process vessels.",[983,986,989],{"title":984,"url":985},"Power Engineering — Sonic Horns: A User's Introduction","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Fsonic-horns-a-userrsquos-introduction\u002F",{"title":987,"url":988},"Power Engineering — Tuning in to Acoustic Cleaning","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Ftuning-in-to-acoustic-cleaning\u002F",{"title":990,"url":991},"Wikipedia — Sonic soot blowers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSonic_soot_blowers","glossary\u002Fsonic-horn","YzrhN0kKzqSaQo0wfn0rueNZ-V43mcg5zahqeWi3lnU",1782613727299]