[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":590},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:incinerator-bottom-ash":45,"glossary-related:incinerator-bottom-ash":162},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":51,"category":142,"description":143,"extension":144,"meta":145,"navigation":146,"path":147,"relatedTerms":148,"seo":152,"sources":155,"stem":159,"term":160,"__hash__":161},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fincinerator-bottom-ash.md","Incinerator bottom ash (IBA)",[49,50],"IBA","bottom ash (WtE)",{"type":52,"value":53,"toc":135},"minimark",[54,67,72,75,97,107,111,114,118],[55,56,57,60,61,66],"p",{},[58,59,47],"strong",{}," is the non-combustible residue discharged from the bottom of a ",[62,63,65],"a",{"href":64},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fgrate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator","grate-fired WtE boiler",". IBA accounts for ~20–25% of the original waste mass and consists of glass, ceramics, metals, fused inorganics and small quantities of unburned organics.",[68,69,71],"h2",{"id":70},"recovery-and-reuse","Recovery and reuse",[55,73,74],{},"IBA is increasingly processed rather than landfilled:",[76,77,78,85,91],"ul",{},[79,80,81,84],"li",{},[58,82,83],{},"Metal recovery"," — magnetic and eddy-current separation extracts ferrous and non-ferrous metals (typically 8–12% of IBA mass)",[79,86,87,90],{},[58,88,89],{},"Aggregate use"," — the processed mineral fraction is used as secondary aggregate in road sub-base, concrete blocks and other applications",[79,92,93,96],{},[58,94,95],{},"Landfill"," — residual material that fails leaching tests goes to landfill",[55,98,99,100,106],{},"Distinguish IBA from ",[58,101,102],{},[62,103,105],{"href":104},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fapc-residue","APC residue"," (air-pollution-control residue), which is the much smaller but more hazardous fraction captured from the flue gas downstream of the boiler.",[68,108,110],{"id":109},"sonic-horn-relevance","Sonic-horn relevance",[55,112,113],{},"IBA itself is not a sonic-horn target — it is wet, coarse, and gravity-discharged. The associated bottom-ash conveyors and downstream metal-recovery processing hoppers occasionally benefit from acoustic flow aids.",[68,115,117],{"id":116},"related-terms","Related terms",[76,119,120,126,131],{},[79,121,122],{},[62,123,125],{"href":124},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","Waste-to-energy",[79,127,128],{},[62,129,130],{"href":64},"Grate-fired boiler \u002F mass-burn incinerator",[79,132,133],{},[62,134,105],{"href":104},{"title":136,"searchDepth":137,"depth":137,"links":138},"",2,[139,140,141],{"id":70,"depth":137,"text":71},{"id":109,"depth":137,"text":110},{"id":116,"depth":137,"text":117},"wte-biomass","Incinerator bottom ash (IBA) is the non-combustible residue discharged from the bottom of a grate-fired WtE boiler. IBA accounts for ~20–25% of the original waste mass and consists of glass, ceramics, metals, fused inorganics and small quantities of unburned organics.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fincinerator-bottom-ash",[149,150,151],"waste-to-energy","grate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator","apc-residue",{"title":153,"description":154},"Incinerator bottom ash (IBA) — non-combustible residue from WtE grates","IBA is the non-combustible residue discharged from the bottom of a WtE grate-fired boiler. Mostly inert; can be processed for aggregate reuse or landfilled.",[156],{"title":157,"url":158},"Wikipedia — Bottom ash","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBottom_ash","glossary\u002Fincinerator-bottom-ash","Incinerator bottom ash","glqcn8ZzxPjPupnH6Z_dJs4bu0dfKUCrg2NSAhxMHis",[163,365,490],{"id":164,"title":165,"aliases":166,"body":171,"category":142,"description":346,"extension":144,"meta":347,"navigation":146,"path":124,"relatedTerms":348,"seo":353,"sources":356,"stem":363,"term":125,"__hash__":364},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy.md","Waste-to-energy (WtE \u002F EfW)",[167,168,169,170],"WtE","EfW","energy-from-waste","MSW incineration",{"type":52,"value":172,"toc":341},[173,199,225,229,232,261,274,278,313,315],[55,174,175,178,179,183,184,188,189,193,194,198],{},[58,176,177],{},"Waste-to-energy (WtE)"," — equivalently ",[180,181,182],"em",{},"energy-from-waste (EfW)"," — burns ",[62,185,187],{"href":186},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fmunicipal-solid-waste","municipal solid waste (MSW)",", ",[62,190,192],{"href":191},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf","RDF, SRF and TDF",", commercial waste and some industrial waste streams to generate steam and electricity. WtE is the fastest-growing application for industrial ",[62,195,197],{"href":196},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","sonic horns"," worldwide, driven by:",[76,200,201,207,213,219],{},[79,202,203,206],{},[58,204,205],{},"EU policy"," — landfill diversion targets, EU ETS extension to WtE from 2028",[79,208,209,212],{},[58,210,211],{},"UK"," — recent tightening of criteria for new WtE plants raises operating-efficiency expectations",[79,214,215,218],{},[58,216,217],{},"EPC pipeline"," — major projects from Hitachi Zosen Inova \u002F Kanadevia Inova, Babcock & Wilcox Vølund, Paprec Énergies, Keppel Seghers, ANDRITZ, Valmet",[79,220,221,224],{},[58,222,223],{},"Operator economics"," — tipping fees underwrite high-availability targets",[68,226,228],{"id":227},"why-wte-is-uniquely-fouling-prone","Why WtE is uniquely fouling-prone",[55,230,231],{},"Three converging factors make WtE boilers harder to clean than conventional fossil-fuel plants:",[76,233,234,245,255],{},[79,235,236,239,240,244],{},[58,237,238],{},"High chlorine content"," in waste fuels → ",[62,241,243],{"href":242},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fchloride-induced-corrosion","chloride corrosion"," and sticky deposits",[79,246,247,250,251],{},[58,248,249],{},"High alkali content"," (Na, K from food, paper, biomass fractions) → ",[62,252,254],{"href":253},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-melt-sticky-ash","low-melt sticky ash",[79,256,257,260],{},[58,258,259],{},"Variable fuel composition"," → unpredictable fouling intensity",[55,262,263,264,268,269,273],{},"Conventional steam ",[62,265,267],{"href":266},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","sootblowing"," accelerates ",[62,270,272],{"href":271},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftube-erosion-tube-wastage","tube wastage"," on the chloride-rich, low-melt deposits typical of WtE; acoustic cleaning is the safer alternative.",[68,275,277],{"id":276},"where-sonic-horns-sit-in-wte-plants","Where sonic horns sit in WtE plants",[76,279,280,286,297,303,308],{},[79,281,282,285],{},[58,283,284],{},"Boiler convective pass"," — superheater, evaporator, economiser tube banks",[79,287,288,291,292,296],{},[58,289,290],{},"SCR catalyst layers"," — high-dust ",[62,293,295],{"href":294},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR"," on WtE",[79,298,299,302],{},[58,300,301],{},"Flue-gas ducting"," between boiler and treatment train",[79,304,305],{},[58,306,307],{},"Bag-filter compartments and hoppers",[79,309,310],{},[58,311,312],{},"Bottom-ash and fly-ash hoppers",[68,314,117],{"id":116},[76,316,317,322,327,331,336],{},[79,318,319],{},[62,320,321],{"href":186},"Municipal solid waste (MSW)",[79,323,324],{},[62,325,326],{"href":191},"RDF \u002F SRF \u002F TDF",[79,328,329],{},[62,330,130],{"href":64},[79,332,333],{},[62,334,335],{"href":242},"Chloride-induced corrosion",[79,337,338],{},[62,339,340],{"href":196},"Sonic horn",{"title":136,"searchDepth":137,"depth":137,"links":342},[343,344,345],{"id":227,"depth":137,"text":228},{"id":276,"depth":137,"text":277},{"id":116,"depth":137,"text":117},"Waste-to-energy (WtE) — equivalently energy-from-waste (EfW) — burns municipal solid waste (MSW), RDF, SRF and TDF, commercial waste and some industrial waste streams to generate steam and electricity. WtE is the fastest-growing application for industrial sonic horns worldwide, driven by:",{},[349,350,150,351,352],"municipal-solid-waste","rdf-srf-tdf","chloride-induced-corrosion","sonic-horn",{"title":354,"description":355},"Waste-to-energy (WtE \u002F EfW) — fastest-growing sonic-horn market","WtE plants burn municipal solid waste, RDF, SRF and biomass to generate steam and electricity. Sticky chloride-rich ash defeats conventional cleaning; sonic horns are the dominant fit.",[357,360],{"title":358,"url":359},"Wikipedia — Waste-to-energy","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWaste-to-energy",{"title":361,"url":362},"ESWET — UK tightens criteria for new waste-to-energy plants","https:\u002F\u002Feswet.eu\u002Fuk-government-tightens-criteria-for-new-waste-to-energy-plants\u002F","glossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","n1jacm4CfEzWzKgFtb3zWUtawVRCvFMnoypq0mxk6h8",{"id":366,"title":130,"aliases":367,"body":371,"category":142,"description":477,"extension":144,"meta":478,"navigation":146,"path":64,"relatedTerms":479,"seo":482,"sources":485,"stem":487,"term":488,"__hash__":489},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fgrate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator.md",[368,369,370],"grate-fired boiler","moving-grate incinerator","mass-burn incinerator",{"type":52,"value":372,"toc":471},[373,393,397,419,423,439,443,449,451],[55,374,375,376,378,379,381,382,384,385,388,389,392],{},"A ",[58,377,368],{}," (also ",[180,380,369],{}," or ",[180,383,370],{},") burns mixed ",[62,386,387],{"href":186},"municipal solid waste"," on a slowly moving grate without significant fuel pre-processing. As waste advances along the grate, it dries, ignites, burns out, and finally discharges as ",[62,390,391],{"href":147},"bottom ash",". Mass-burn is the dominant design for municipal WtE plants worldwide.",[68,394,396],{"id":395},"why-mass-burn-dominates-municipal-duty","Why mass-burn dominates municipal duty",[76,398,399,402,405,408,416],{},[79,400,401],{},"Tolerates unprocessed mixed waste",[79,403,404],{},"Simple fuel handling — no shredding or pelletising needed",[79,406,407],{},"Mature, robust, well-supported supply chain",[79,409,410,411,415],{},"Established regulatory acceptance under ",[62,412,414],{"href":413},"\u002Fglossary\u002Findustrial-emissions-directive","IED"," and equivalent",[79,417,418],{},"Scales from 50 t\u002Fday local plants to 3,000+ t\u002Fday urban facilities",[68,420,422],{"id":421},"where-fluidised-bed-designs-compete","Where fluidised-bed designs compete",[55,424,425,429,430,434,435,438],{},[62,426,428],{"href":427},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcfb-boiler","CFB"," and ",[62,431,433],{"href":432},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbfb-boiler","BFB"," designs compete with mass-burn for specific duties — pre-sorted ",[62,436,437],{"href":191},"RDF\u002FSRF",", sewage sludge co-firing, biomass-only plants. Fluidised beds need more fuel preparation but offer lower NOx and better fuel flexibility.",[68,440,442],{"id":441},"cleaning","Cleaning",[55,444,445,446,448],{},"Grate-fired WtE boilers benefit from ",[62,447,197],{"href":196}," on the convective pass, ESP\u002Fbaghouse hoppers and SCR. The fluidised-bed alternatives add cyclone-cleaning duty to the same list.",[68,450,117],{"id":116},[76,452,453,457,461,466],{},[79,454,455],{},[62,456,125],{"href":124},[79,458,459],{},[62,460,321],{"href":186},[79,462,463],{},[62,464,465],{"href":432},"BFB boiler",[79,467,468],{},[62,469,470],{"href":427},"CFB boiler",{"title":136,"searchDepth":137,"depth":137,"links":472},[473,474,475,476],{"id":395,"depth":137,"text":396},{"id":421,"depth":137,"text":422},{"id":441,"depth":137,"text":442},{"id":116,"depth":137,"text":117},"A grate-fired boiler (also moving-grate incinerator or mass-burn incinerator) burns mixed municipal solid waste on a slowly moving grate without significant fuel pre-processing. As waste advances along the grate, it dries, ignites, burns out, and finally discharges as bottom ash. Mass-burn is the dominant design for municipal WtE plants worldwide.",{},[149,349,480,481],"bfb-boiler","cfb-boiler",{"title":483,"description":484},"Grate-fired boiler — moving-grate WtE design that dominates municipal waste burning","Grate-fired (mass-burn) WtE boilers burn MSW on a moving grate without fuel pre-processing. The dominant design for municipal waste incineration.",[486],{"title":358,"url":359},"glossary\u002Fgrate-fired-boiler-mass-burn-incinerator","Grate-fired boiler and mass-burn incinerator","V-3wHrFBgxJiD2Am-W-xgmaBL4P57FNupmZusnxi0Ws",{"id":491,"title":105,"aliases":492,"body":496,"category":142,"description":577,"extension":144,"meta":578,"navigation":146,"path":104,"relatedTerms":579,"seo":582,"sources":585,"stem":587,"term":588,"__hash__":589},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fapc-residue.md",[105,493,494,495],"APCr","WtE fly ash","air pollution control residue",{"type":52,"value":497,"toc":572},[498,510,514,517,531,533,550,552],[55,499,500,502,503,505,506,509],{},[58,501,105],{}," (air-pollution-control residue, or APCr) is the fine fly-ash combined with reagent salts (calcium hydroxide, activated carbon, sodium bicarbonate) captured by the flue-gas-treatment train downstream of a ",[62,504,167],{"href":124}," boiler. APC residue typically accounts for 2–5% of original waste mass — much less than ",[62,507,508],{"href":147},"incinerator bottom ash (IBA)",", but more hazardous because heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd) and dioxins concentrate here.",[68,511,513],{"id":512},"classification-and-disposal","Classification and disposal",[55,515,516],{},"In the EU and UK, APC residue is classified as hazardous waste. Disposal routes include:",[76,518,519,522,525,528],{},[79,520,521],{},"Stabilisation and landfilling in specialised hazardous-waste facilities",[79,523,524],{},"Underground storage (former salt mines in Germany)",[79,526,527],{},"Treatment for partial reuse in construction materials",[79,529,530],{},"Specialised commercial processing for metals recovery",[68,532,110],{"id":109},[55,534,535,536,540,541,545,546,549],{},"APC residue is collected in ",[62,537,539],{"href":538},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffly-ash-hopper","fly-ash hoppers"," below the boiler economiser, SCR, ",[62,542,544],{"href":543},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbaghouse","baghouse"," and any reagent-injection equipment. Hopper bridging is a frequent problem because APC residue is fine, sticky and partly hygroscopic. ",[62,547,548],{"href":196},"Sonic horns"," on APC-residue hoppers are routine specification on modern WtE plants.",[68,551,117],{"id":116},[76,553,554,558,562,567],{},[79,555,556],{},[62,557,125],{"href":124},[79,559,560],{},[62,561,47],{"href":147},[79,563,564],{},[62,565,566],{"href":543},"Baghouse",[79,568,569],{},[62,570,571],{"href":538},"Fly-ash hopper",{"title":136,"searchDepth":137,"depth":137,"links":573},[574,575,576],{"id":512,"depth":137,"text":513},{"id":109,"depth":137,"text":110},{"id":116,"depth":137,"text":117},"APC residue (air-pollution-control residue, or APCr) is the fine fly-ash combined with reagent salts (calcium hydroxide, activated carbon, sodium bicarbonate) captured by the flue-gas-treatment train downstream of a WtE boiler. APC residue typically accounts for 2–5% of original waste mass — much less than incinerator bottom ash (IBA), but more hazardous because heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd) and dioxins concentrate here.",{},[149,580,544,581],"incinerator-bottom-ash","fly-ash-hopper",{"title":583,"description":584},"APC residue — hazardous fly-ash fraction captured downstream of WtE boilers","APC residue is the fine fly-ash plus reagent salts captured by the WtE flue-gas treatment train. Classified as hazardous waste; requires specialised disposal.",[586],{"title":358,"url":359},"glossary\u002Fapc-residue","Air-pollution-control residue","Dq9DWR0zY4FpNpHASpSopELBE2o4Tc-9UH0A64hzf2g",1782613758450]