[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":714},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:electric-arc-furnace":45,"glossary-related:electric-arc-furnace":150},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":52,"category":130,"description":131,"extension":132,"meta":133,"navigation":134,"path":135,"relatedTerms":136,"seo":140,"sources":143,"stem":147,"term":148,"__hash__":149},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Felectric-arc-furnace.md","Electric arc furnace (EAF)",[49,50,51],"EAF","arc furnace","DC arc furnace",{"type":53,"value":54,"toc":123},"minimark",[55,70,75,83,87,94,98],[56,57,58,59,63,64,69],"p",{},"An ",[60,61,62],"strong",{},"electric arc furnace (EAF)"," melts steel scrap and ",[65,66,68],"a",{"href":67},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdirect-reduced-iron","direct reduced iron (DRI)"," in a refractory-lined vessel using a high-current electric arc between graphite electrodes and the metal bath. EAF steelmaking is the dominant route in scrap-rich economies (US, Italy, Türkiye, parts of South-East Asia) and is the primary growth path for low-carbon steel via \"mini-mill\" production.",[71,72,74],"h2",{"id":73},"fume-capture-and-cleaning","Fume capture and cleaning",[56,76,77,78,82],{},"EAF off-gas leaves the furnace through a fourth-hole evacuation duct, is combined with secondary canopy hood emissions, and is collected at a large ",[65,79,81],{"href":80},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbaghouse","baghouse"," — typical capacity 1,000–3,000 m³\u002Fs. The baghouse compartments handle fine ferrous and non-ferrous oxide dust at temperatures of 80–150 °C.",[71,84,86],{"id":85},"sonic-horn-duty","Sonic-horn duty",[56,88,89,93],{},[65,90,92],{"href":91},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horns"," on EAF baghouse compartment roofs and hoppers prevent fine-dust bridging. The hopper duty is particularly demanding because EAF dust contains zinc oxide (from galvanised scrap), which is hygroscopic and sticky.",[71,95,97],{"id":96},"related-terms","Related terms",[99,100,101,108,113,118],"ul",{},[102,103,104],"li",{},[65,105,107],{"href":106},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbasic-oxygen-furnace","Basic oxygen furnace (BOF)",[102,109,110],{},[65,111,112],{"href":67},"Direct reduced iron (DRI)",[102,114,115],{},[65,116,117],{"href":80},"Baghouse",[102,119,120],{},[65,121,122],{"href":91},"Sonic horn",{"title":124,"searchDepth":125,"depth":125,"links":126},"",2,[127,128,129],{"id":73,"depth":125,"text":74},{"id":85,"depth":125,"text":86},{"id":96,"depth":125,"text":97},"steel-refining","An electric arc furnace (EAF) melts steel scrap and direct reduced iron (DRI) in a refractory-lined vessel using a high-current electric arc between graphite electrodes and the metal bath. EAF steelmaking is the dominant route in scrap-rich economies (US, Italy, Türkiye, parts of South-East Asia) and is the primary growth path for low-carbon steel via \"mini-mill\" production.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectric-arc-furnace",[137,138,81,139],"basic-oxygen-furnace","direct-reduced-iron","sonic-horn",{"title":141,"description":142},"Electric arc furnace (EAF) — scrap-based steelmaking with electric heating","An EAF melts steel scrap and DRI in a refractory-lined vessel using an electric arc. Dust collection is via a roof-evacuation duct to a large baghouse, prone to compartment fouling.",[144],{"title":145,"url":146},"Wikipedia — Electric arc furnace","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FElectric_arc_furnace","glossary\u002Felectric-arc-furnace","Electric arc furnace","IGVrtjmWxkk0gPKwQd8c2UxW2mHpRPsPMkuofdUYDHI",[151,262,349,475],{"id":152,"title":107,"aliases":153,"body":157,"category":130,"description":247,"extension":132,"meta":248,"navigation":134,"path":106,"relatedTerms":249,"seo":252,"sources":255,"stem":259,"term":260,"__hash__":261},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fbasic-oxygen-furnace.md",[154,155,156],"BOF","LD converter","basic oxygen steelmaking",{"type":53,"value":158,"toc":242},[159,170,174,177,196,200,220,225,227],[56,160,161,162,165,166,169],{},"A ",[60,163,164],{},"basic oxygen furnace (BOF)"," — historically the ",[167,168,155],"em",{}," after the Linz-Donawitz process — refines molten pig iron from the blast furnace into steel by blowing high-purity oxygen onto the bath through a water-cooled lance. Each \"heat\" takes 30–45 minutes and produces 250–300 tonnes of steel.",[71,171,173],{"id":172},"off-gas","Off-gas",[56,175,176],{},"BOF off-gas is intermittent, very high-temperature (>1,600 °C at the converter mouth) and dust-laden. Two cleaning approaches:",[99,178,179,185],{},[102,180,181,184],{},[60,182,183],{},"Suppressed combustion"," — gas is collected as fuel after partial cleaning",[102,186,187,190,191,195],{},[60,188,189],{},"Open combustion"," — gas is combusted in a ",[65,192,194],{"href":193},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-heat-boiler","waste-heat boiler"," and the products cleaned in an ESP or baghouse",[71,197,199],{"id":198},"cleaning-targets","Cleaning targets",[99,201,202,208,214],{},[102,203,204,207],{},[60,205,206],{},"Primary BOF baghouse hopper"," — fine iron-oxide dust",[102,209,210,213],{},[60,211,212],{},"Secondary BOF baghouse"," — fume capture during charging, tapping and slag operations",[102,215,216,219],{},[60,217,218],{},"Waste-heat boiler convective pass"," (open-combustion designs)",[56,221,222,224],{},[65,223,92],{"href":91}," on BOF baghouse hoppers are increasingly specified to defend against the bridging risk associated with fine, hot iron-oxide dust.",[71,226,97],{"id":96},[99,228,229,233,237],{},[102,230,231],{},[65,232,47],{"href":135},[102,234,235],{},[65,236,117],{"href":80},[102,238,239],{},[65,240,241],{"href":193},"Waste-heat boiler",{"title":124,"searchDepth":125,"depth":125,"links":243},[244,245,246],{"id":172,"depth":125,"text":173},{"id":198,"depth":125,"text":199},{"id":96,"depth":125,"text":97},"A basic oxygen furnace (BOF) — historically the LD converter after the Linz-Donawitz process — refines molten pig iron from the blast furnace into steel by blowing high-purity oxygen onto the bath through a water-cooled lance. Each \"heat\" takes 30–45 minutes and produces 250–300 tonnes of steel.",{},[250,81,251],"electric-arc-furnace","waste-heat-boiler",{"title":253,"description":254},"Basic oxygen furnace (BOF) — primary steelmaking from molten iron","A BOF blows pure oxygen onto molten pig iron to refine it into steel. Off-gas dust collection is high-temperature, intermittent and demanding.",[256],{"title":257,"url":258},"Wikipedia — Basic oxygen steelmaking","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBasic_oxygen_steelmaking","glossary\u002Fbasic-oxygen-furnace","Basic oxygen furnace","0YK1JeXjZM5pk3NM-RhOrmWY5585WCcTc-uoivjq5Zc",{"id":263,"title":112,"aliases":264,"body":269,"category":130,"description":335,"extension":132,"meta":336,"navigation":134,"path":67,"relatedTerms":337,"seo":339,"sources":342,"stem":346,"term":347,"__hash__":348},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fdirect-reduced-iron.md",[265,266,267,268],"DRI","sponge iron","HBI","hot-briquetted iron",{"type":53,"value":270,"toc":331},[271,280,284,287,301,312,314],[56,272,273,275,276,279],{},[60,274,112],{}," is iron produced from iron-ore pellets by reducing the ore in the solid state, using natural gas, hydrogen or coal as the reducing agent. DRI feeds ",[65,277,278],{"href":135},"electric arc furnaces"," and is the leading candidate for low-carbon iron-making, particularly with hydrogen as the reducer.",[71,281,283],{"id":282},"dri-dust-handling-issues","DRI dust-handling issues",[56,285,286],{},"DRI processes generate fine iron-bearing dust at multiple points:",[99,288,289,292,295,298],{},[102,290,291],{},"DRI plant baghouse hoppers",[102,293,294],{},"DRI cooler dust extraction",[102,296,297],{},"HBI (hot-briquetted iron) hot screening dust",[102,299,300],{},"Storage-silo discharge points",[56,302,303,304,308,309,311],{},"The dust is fine, dense, and prone to ",[65,305,307],{"href":306},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbridging","bridging"," under self-weight in tall silos. ",[65,310,92],{"href":91}," on DRI dust hoppers prevent the discharge interruptions that would otherwise force operator intervention.",[71,313,97],{"id":96},[99,315,316,320,326],{},[102,317,318],{},[65,319,47],{"href":135},[102,321,322],{},[65,323,325],{"href":324},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","Hopper",[102,327,328],{},[65,329,330],{"href":306},"Bridging",{"title":124,"searchDepth":125,"depth":125,"links":332},[333,334],{"id":282,"depth":125,"text":283},{"id":96,"depth":125,"text":97},"Direct reduced iron (DRI) is iron produced from iron-ore pellets by reducing the ore in the solid state, using natural gas, hydrogen or coal as the reducing agent. DRI feeds electric arc furnaces and is the leading candidate for low-carbon iron-making, particularly with hydrogen as the reducer.",{},[250,338,307],"hopper",{"title":340,"description":341},"Direct reduced iron (DRI) — low-carbon iron-making route gaining ground","DRI reduces iron-ore pellets to metallic iron in solid state using gas or coal. Hopper bridging in DRI dust handling is a recurring operational issue.",[343],{"title":344,"url":345},"Wikipedia — Direct reduced iron","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDirect_reduced_iron","glossary\u002Fdirect-reduced-iron","Direct reduced iron","S4IYmePoRAKzMuBxU7QP5kti_BJsw31XihNBmP9RtZ4",{"id":350,"title":117,"aliases":351,"body":355,"category":81,"description":459,"extension":132,"meta":460,"navigation":134,"path":80,"relatedTerms":461,"seo":466,"sources":469,"stem":473,"term":117,"__hash__":474},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fbaghouse.md",[352,353,354],"baghouses","bag filter house","dust collector house",{"type":53,"value":356,"toc":454},[357,377,381,394,398,401,418,420],[56,358,161,359,361,362,366,367,371,372,376],{},[60,360,81],{}," is the structural enclosure that houses the bags, cages, cleaning system, ",[65,363,365],{"href":364},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftubesheet","tubesheet",", ",[65,368,370],{"href":369},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fplenum-clean-side-dirty-side","plenums"," and hoppers of a ",[65,373,375],{"href":374},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffabric-filter","fabric-filter"," dust collector. The word is used in both broad (\"the plant has a 12-compartment baghouse\") and narrow (\"a baghouse is the housing, the fabric filter is the system\") senses; in everyday industry practice the two terms overlap.",[71,378,380],{"id":379},"compartmented-design","Compartmented design",[56,382,383,384,388,389,393],{},"Large industrial baghouses are subdivided into several compartments — each with its own gas-flow damper — so that one compartment can be isolated for offline cleaning or bag replacement while the rest stay online. The standard ",[65,385,387],{"href":386},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpulse-jet-baghouse","pulse-jet"," compartment count for utility duty is 8–16; cement and ",[65,390,392],{"href":391},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","WtE"," baghouses may run 20+.",[71,395,397],{"id":396},"why-sonic-horns-help","Why sonic horns help",[56,399,400],{},"Sonic horns mounted at compartment level address fouling that the primary cleaning system (pulse-jet, reverse-air or shaker) cannot reach:",[99,402,403,406,412,415],{},[102,404,405],{},"Bag-row dead zones at the back of the compartment",[102,407,408,411],{},[65,409,410],{"href":364},"Tubesheet"," area dust deposits",[102,413,414],{},"Hopper bridging below the bags",[102,416,417],{},"Inlet-plenum dust dropout",[71,419,97],{"id":96},[99,421,422,427,432,438,444,450],{},[102,423,424],{},[65,425,426],{"href":374},"Fabric filter",[102,428,429],{},[65,430,431],{"href":386},"Pulse-jet baghouse",[102,433,434],{},[65,435,437],{"href":436},"\u002Fglossary\u002Freverse-air-baghouse","Reverse-air baghouse",[102,439,440],{},[65,441,443],{"href":442},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fshaker-baghouse","Shaker baghouse",[102,445,446],{},[65,447,449],{"href":448},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcompartment-isolation","Compartment isolation",[102,451,452],{},[65,453,122],{"href":91},{"title":124,"searchDepth":125,"depth":125,"links":455},[456,457,458],{"id":379,"depth":125,"text":380},{"id":396,"depth":125,"text":397},{"id":96,"depth":125,"text":97},"A baghouse is the structural enclosure that houses the bags, cages, cleaning system, tubesheet, plenums and hoppers of a fabric-filter dust collector. The word is used in both broad (\"the plant has a 12-compartment baghouse\") and narrow (\"a baghouse is the housing, the fabric filter is the system\") senses; in everyday industry practice the two terms overlap.",{},[375,462,463,464,465,139],"pulse-jet-baghouse","reverse-air-baghouse","shaker-baghouse","compartment-isolation",{"title":467,"description":468},"Baghouse — vessel that houses fabric-filter bags for industrial dust control","A baghouse is the structural enclosure that holds the bags, cages, tubesheet, cleaning system and hoppers of a fabric-filter dust collector. Sized in compartments for online isolation.",[470],{"title":471,"url":472},"Wikipedia — Baghouse","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBaghouse","glossary\u002Fbaghouse","TraeRQp5lNGOrkFkwjsoYRrhIIRrMkFonwryXyc1wGw",{"id":476,"title":122,"aliases":477,"body":481,"category":689,"description":690,"extension":132,"meta":691,"navigation":134,"path":91,"relatedTerms":692,"seo":699,"sources":702,"stem":712,"term":122,"__hash__":713},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn.md",[478,479,480],"sonic horns","sonic cleaning horn","industrial sonic horn",{"type":53,"value":482,"toc":682},[483,513,517,525,529,597,601,638,642,650,652],[56,484,161,485,488,489,493,494,366,498,366,500,366,504,508,509,512],{},[60,486,487],{},"sonic horn"," is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of ",[65,490,492],{"href":491},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner","acoustic cleaner"," and the default specification for cleaning ",[65,495,497],{"href":496},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESPs",[65,499,352],{"href":374},[65,501,503],{"href":502},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR catalysts",[65,505,507],{"href":506},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","boiler heat-transfer surfaces"," and ",[65,510,511],{"href":324},"hoppers and silos",".",[71,514,516],{"id":515},"how-a-sonic-horn-works","How a sonic horn works",[56,518,519,520,524],{},"Compressed plant air admitted through a ",[65,521,523],{"href":522},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","solenoid valve"," drives a metal diaphragm — typically titanium or 316 stainless — into resonant oscillation at the horn's fundamental frequency. The oscillating pressure field is amplified by an exponential bell horn and projected into the vessel as a near-spherical sound wave. Particulate already deposited on internal surfaces receives an oscillating acceleration that overcomes adhesion; loosened material is then carried out with the gas flow before it can sinter, bridge or bond. Because the cleaning is acoustic and non-contact, the horn can fire while the plant is online without tube erosion, refractory damage or thermal shock.",[71,526,528],{"id":527},"key-parameters","Key parameters",[530,531,532,545],"table",{},[533,534,535],"thead",{},[536,537,538,542],"tr",{},[539,540,541],"th",{},"Parameter",[539,543,544],{},"Typical range",[546,547,548,557,565,573,581,589],"tbody",{},[536,549,550,554],{},[551,552,553],"td",{},"Fundamental frequency",[551,555,556],{},"60–400 Hz",[536,558,559,562],{},[551,560,561],{},"Sound pressure level",[551,563,564],{},"140–180 dB",[536,566,567,570],{},[551,568,569],{},"Compressed-air consumption",[551,571,572],{},"8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin at 4–7 bar",[536,574,575,578],{},[551,576,577],{},"Operating temperature (with appropriate materials)",[551,579,580],{},"−40 °C to +500 °C",[536,582,583,586],{},[551,584,585],{},"Firing cycle",[551,587,588],{},"5–15 s burst, repeated every 3–15 minutes",[536,590,591,594],{},[551,592,593],{},"Mass",[551,595,596],{},"15–60 kg depending on horn size",[71,598,600],{"id":599},"frequency-selection","Frequency selection",[56,602,603,604,366,608,612,613,366,617,621,622,366,625,629,630,508,634,512],{},"Lower frequencies (60–125 Hz) project longer wavelengths and penetrate further into large open vessels — ",[65,605,607],{"href":606},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","preheater cyclones",[65,609,611],{"href":610},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","recovery-boiler superheaters",", large ",[65,614,616],{"href":615},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-field-bus-section","ESP fields",[65,618,620],{"href":619},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silos",". Higher frequencies (230–400 Hz) carry more energy per unit volume and suit finer dust loads in ",[65,623,624],{"href":374},"fabric-filter compartments",[65,626,628],{"href":627},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhoneycomb-catalyst","catalyst layers"," and smaller hopper geometries. See ",[65,631,633],{"href":632},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","low-frequency acoustic cleaner",[65,635,637],{"href":636},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency acoustic cleaner",[71,639,641],{"id":640},"sonic-horn-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic horn vs steam sootblower",[56,643,644,645,649],{},"Sonic horns are increasingly specified alongside or in place of ",[65,646,648],{"href":647},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","steam sootblowers"," because they consume no boiler-grade steam, cause no tube erosion, require almost no moving parts and can fire every few minutes without operator intervention. They are less effective on hard, fused slag than retractable steam lances, so on furnace waterwalls and high-temperature superheaters they typically complement rather than replace mechanical cleaning.",[71,651,97],{"id":96},[99,653,654,659,665,671,677],{},[102,655,656],{},[65,657,658],{"href":491},"Acoustic cleaner",[102,660,661],{},[65,662,664],{"href":663},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",[102,666,667],{},[65,668,670],{"href":669},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbell-horn","Bell horn",[102,672,673],{},[65,674,676],{"href":675},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","Diaphragm horn",[102,678,679],{},[65,680,681],{"href":632},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner",{"title":124,"searchDepth":125,"depth":125,"links":683},[684,685,686,687,688],{"id":515,"depth":125,"text":516},{"id":527,"depth":125,"text":528},{"id":599,"depth":125,"text":600},{"id":640,"depth":125,"text":641},{"id":96,"depth":125,"text":97},"core-technology","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of acoustic cleaner and the default specification for cleaning ESPs, baghouses, SCR catalysts, boiler heat-transfer surfaces and hoppers and silos.",{},[693,694,695,696,697,698],"acoustic-cleaner","acoustic-cleaning-system","sonic-sootblower","bell-horn","diaphragm-horn","low-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":700,"description":701},"Sonic horn — definition, frequency, SPL and industrial applications","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven low-frequency sound emitter (typically 60–400 Hz at 140–180 dB SPL) used to dislodge particulate fouling from boilers, ESPs, baghouses and process vessels.",[703,706,709],{"title":704,"url":705},"Power Engineering — Sonic Horns: A User's Introduction","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Fsonic-horns-a-userrsquos-introduction\u002F",{"title":707,"url":708},"Power Engineering — Tuning in to Acoustic Cleaning","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Ftuning-in-to-acoustic-cleaning\u002F",{"title":710,"url":711},"Wikipedia — Sonic soot blowers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSonic_soot_blowers","glossary\u002Fsonic-horn","YzrhN0kKzqSaQo0wfn0rueNZ-V43mcg5zahqeWi3lnU",1782613756741]