[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":940},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:cold-end-corrosion-dew-point-corrosion":45,"glossary-related:cold-end-corrosion-dew-point-corrosion":198},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":52,"category":178,"description":179,"extension":180,"meta":181,"navigation":182,"path":183,"relatedTerms":184,"seo":188,"sources":191,"stem":195,"term":196,"__hash__":197},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcold-end-corrosion-dew-point-corrosion.md","Cold-end corrosion \u002F dew-point corrosion",[49,50,51],"cold end corrosion","dew point corrosion","sulphuric acid corrosion (boiler)",{"type":53,"value":54,"toc":171},"minimark",[55,84,89,92,109,112,116,139,143],[56,57,58,62,63,67,68,73,74,78,79,83],"p",{},[59,60,61],"strong",{},"Cold-end corrosion"," (also ",[64,65,66],"em",{},"dew-point corrosion",") is the attack on boiler ",[69,70,72],"a",{"href":71},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-heater","air-heater"," baskets, ",[69,75,77],{"href":76},"\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser","economiser"," tubes and downstream ducting where flue-gas temperature falls below the ",[69,80,82],{"href":81},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facid-dew-point","acid dew point"," of the gas. SO₃ in the flue gas combines with water vapour to form sulphuric acid that condenses on the cooled surfaces and attacks them.",[85,86,88],"h2",{"id":87},"the-interplay-with-fouling","The interplay with fouling",[56,90,91],{},"Cold-end corrosion and fouling reinforce each other:",[93,94,95,99,102],"ul",{},[96,97,98],"li",{},"Condensed acid bonds dust to surfaces — fouling consolidates faster",[96,100,101],{},"Fouled tubes run cooler than design — more acid condenses",[96,103,104,108],{},[69,105,107],{"href":106},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fammonium-bisulphate","Ammonium bisulphate (ABS)"," deposits accelerate both processes",[56,110,111],{},"The result is a self-feeding cycle: a unit that begins to foul typically also begins to corrode, and both worsen until the cold end is water-washed or rebuilt.",[85,113,115],{"id":114},"mitigation","Mitigation",[93,117,118,123,126,129,132],{},[96,119,120,121],{},"Maintain cold-end metal temperature above the ",[69,122,82],{"href":81},[96,124,125],{},"Manage fuel sulphur and SCR SO₂\u002FSO₃ conversion",[96,127,128],{},"Use corrosion-resistant materials (Cor-Ten, enamel-coated baskets) at the cold end",[96,130,131],{},"Periodic water-washing of cold-end baskets and tubes",[96,133,134,138],{},[69,135,137],{"href":136},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horns"," to keep deposits from consolidating",[85,140,142],{"id":141},"related-terms","Related terms",[93,144,145,150,155,160,165],{},[96,146,147],{},[69,148,149],{"href":71},"Air heater",[96,151,152],{},[69,153,154],{"href":76},"Economiser",[96,156,157],{},[69,158,159],{"href":106},"Ammonium bisulphate",[96,161,162],{},[69,163,164],{"href":81},"Acid dew point",[96,166,167],{},[69,168,170],{"href":169},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler-tube-failure","Boiler tube failure",{"title":172,"searchDepth":173,"depth":173,"links":174},"",2,[175,176,177],{"id":87,"depth":173,"text":88},{"id":114,"depth":173,"text":115},{"id":141,"depth":173,"text":142},"boiler","Cold-end corrosion (also dew-point corrosion) is the attack on boiler air-heater baskets, economiser tubes and downstream ducting where flue-gas temperature falls below the acid dew point of the gas. SO₃ in the flue gas combines with water vapour to form sulphuric acid that condenses on the cooled surfaces and attacks them.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcold-end-corrosion-dew-point-corrosion",[72,77,185,186,187],"ammonium-bisulphate","acid-dew-point","boiler-tube-failure",{"title":189,"description":190},"Cold-end corrosion — sulphuric-acid attack at the boiler's coolest point","Cold-end corrosion is the attack on air-heater and economiser surfaces below the acid dew point, where SO3 condenses as sulphuric acid. The leading cold-end failure mechanism.",[192],{"title":193,"url":194},"POWER Magazine — SO3's impacts on plant O&M","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.powermag.com\u002Fso3s-impacts-on-plant-om-part-ii\u002F","glossary\u002Fcold-end-corrosion-dew-point-corrosion","Cold-end corrosion and dew-point corrosion","IO_wdcX5SRjrSEY4SMku6RmkWNHXkuMTmeI4uHpz1dI",[199,384,512,665,767],{"id":200,"title":201,"aliases":202,"body":206,"category":178,"description":368,"extension":180,"meta":369,"navigation":182,"path":71,"relatedTerms":370,"seo":375,"sources":378,"stem":382,"term":149,"__hash__":383},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-heater.md","Air heater (APH)",[203,204,205],"air preheater","APH","air heaters",{"type":53,"value":207,"toc":362},[208,223,227,277,281,294,318,322,329,331],[56,209,210,211,214,215,217,218,222],{},"An ",[59,212,213],{},"air heater"," — also called an ",[59,216,203],{}," (APH) — is the final heat-recovery device in a boiler's ",[69,219,221],{"href":220},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fconvective-pass-backpass","convective pass",", recovering low-grade heat from cooling flue gas to preheat the combustion air. APHs lift overall boiler efficiency by 5–10 percentage points and are critical to heat-rate performance.",[85,224,226],{"id":225},"aph-types","APH types",[228,229,230,243],"table",{},[231,232,233],"thead",{},[234,235,236,240],"tr",{},[237,238,239],"th",{},"Type",[237,241,242],{},"Description",[244,245,246,258,269],"tbody",{},[234,247,248,255],{},[249,250,251],"td",{},[69,252,254],{"href":253},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fljungstrom-air-preheater","Ljungström \u002F regenerative",[249,256,257],{},"Rotating matrix of heat-exchange baskets cycling between gas and air sides",[234,259,260,266],{},[249,261,262],{},[69,263,265],{"href":264},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftubular-air-preheater","Tubular",[249,267,268],{},"Fixed tube bundle with flue gas through tubes, air around them",[234,270,271,274],{},[249,272,273],{},"Plate-type",[249,275,276],{},"Cross-flow plate exchanger; smaller industrial duty",[85,278,280],{"id":279},"the-cold-end-problem","The cold-end problem",[56,282,283,284,288,289,293],{},"The APH cold end is the coolest point in the flue-gas path before the ",[69,285,287],{"href":286},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESP"," \u002F ",[69,290,292],{"href":291},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbaghouse","baghouse",". Two related failure modes dominate:",[93,295,296,308],{},[96,297,298,302,303,307],{},[59,299,300],{},[69,301,107],{"href":106}," fouling on boilers with upstream ",[69,304,306],{"href":305},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR",": sticky deposits plug Ljungström baskets and tubular APH tubes",[96,309,310,314,315,317],{},[59,311,312],{},[69,313,61],{"href":183}," below the ",[69,316,82],{"href":81}," — sulphuric acid condenses and attacks baskets and tubes",[85,319,321],{"id":320},"why-sonic-horns-are-routinely-specified-on-aphs","Why sonic horns are routinely specified on APHs",[56,323,324,325,328],{},"ABS fouling is the single most common reason plants install ",[69,326,327],{"href":136},"sonic horns"," on the cold end. Continuous low-amplitude vibration prevents ABS from consolidating between water-wash campaigns, extending the campaign interval from quarterly to annual and avoiding capacity-derate excursions.",[85,330,142],{"id":141},[93,332,333,339,344,349,353,357],{},[96,334,335],{},[69,336,338],{"href":337},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler","Boiler",[96,340,341],{},[69,342,343],{"href":253},"Ljungström air preheater",[96,345,346],{},[69,347,348],{"href":264},"Tubular air preheater",[96,350,351],{},[69,352,159],{"href":106},[96,354,355],{},[69,356,47],{"href":183},[96,358,359],{},[69,360,361],{"href":136},"Sonic horn",{"title":172,"searchDepth":173,"depth":173,"links":363},[364,365,366,367],{"id":225,"depth":173,"text":226},{"id":279,"depth":173,"text":280},{"id":320,"depth":173,"text":321},{"id":141,"depth":173,"text":142},"An air heater — also called an air preheater (APH) — is the final heat-recovery device in a boiler's convective pass, recovering low-grade heat from cooling flue gas to preheat the combustion air. APHs lift overall boiler efficiency by 5–10 percentage points and are critical to heat-rate performance.",{},[178,371,372,185,373,374],"ljungstrom-air-preheater","tubular-air-preheater","cold-end-corrosion-dew-point-corrosion","sonic-horn",{"title":376,"description":377},"Air heater (APH) — final flue-gas heat-recovery device before the stack","An air heater (also air preheater, APH) recovers low-grade heat from flue gas to preheat combustion air. Cold-end fouling and corrosion are the dominant operational challenges.",[379],{"title":380,"url":381},"Wikipedia — Air preheater","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAir_preheater","glossary\u002Fair-heater","3pBQ2ZyiQ7VOKuf9rxsx43EFarkhgykVhd2amXg0TMY",{"id":385,"title":154,"aliases":386,"body":389,"category":178,"description":497,"extension":180,"meta":498,"navigation":182,"path":76,"relatedTerms":499,"seo":503,"sources":506,"stem":510,"term":154,"__hash__":511},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser.md",[387,388],"economizer","feedwater economiser",{"type":53,"value":390,"toc":491},[391,412,416,419,436,439,443,448,452,460,462],[56,392,210,393,395,396,398,399,403,404,406,407,411],{},[59,394,77],{}," is the tube bank in a boiler's ",[69,397,221],{"href":220}," that recovers residual heat from the flue gas by preheating boiler feedwater. It sits downstream of the ",[69,400,402],{"href":401},"\u002Fglossary\u002Freheater","reheater"," and upstream of the ",[69,405,213],{"href":71},"; economiser performance directly affects boiler ",[69,408,410],{"href":409},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-rate","heat rate",".",[85,413,415],{"id":414},"fouling","Fouling",[56,417,418],{},"Two failure modes dominate:",[93,420,421,427],{},[96,422,423,426],{},[59,424,425],{},"Ash bridging"," between tubes — gas can no longer pass freely; ΔP across the economiser rises",[96,428,429,435],{},[59,430,431],{},[69,432,434],{"href":433},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flarge-particle-ash","Large-particle ash"," dropping out of the gas stream onto economiser hoppers — bridges and pluggage in the hopper itself",[56,437,438],{},"The first reduces gas-side heat transfer and forces gas channelling around the blocked area; the second causes hopper extraction to fail and back-pressures the gas path.",[85,440,442],{"id":441},"sonic-horn-duty","Sonic-horn duty",[56,444,445,447],{},[69,446,137],{"href":136}," mounted on the economiser shell and hopper are particularly effective because economiser deposits are dry, friable and respond well to acoustic dislodging. Plants commonly report 1–2% boiler-efficiency recovery after horn installation on heavily-fouled economisers.",[85,449,451],{"id":450},"economiser-scr-adjacency","Economiser-SCR adjacency",[56,453,454,455,459],{},"On units with an upstream ",[69,456,458],{"href":457},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-dust-low-dust-tail-end-scr","high-dust SCR",", the economiser receives the same large-particle ash that the SCR is designed against. LPA screens between SCR and economiser are common; sonic horns help keep both surfaces clean.",[85,461,142],{"id":141},[93,463,464,468,473,479,483,487],{},[96,465,466],{},[69,467,338],{"href":337},[96,469,470],{},[69,471,472],{"href":220},"Convective pass \u002F backpass",[96,474,475],{},[69,476,478],{"href":477},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","Superheater",[96,480,481],{},[69,482,149],{"href":71},[96,484,485],{},[69,486,434],{"href":433},[96,488,489],{},[69,490,361],{"href":136},{"title":172,"searchDepth":173,"depth":173,"links":492},[493,494,495,496],{"id":414,"depth":173,"text":415},{"id":441,"depth":173,"text":442},{"id":450,"depth":173,"text":451},{"id":141,"depth":173,"text":142},"An economiser is the tube bank in a boiler's convective pass that recovers residual heat from the flue gas by preheating boiler feedwater. It sits downstream of the reheater and upstream of the air heater; economiser performance directly affects boiler heat rate.",{},[178,500,501,72,502,374],"convective-pass-backpass","superheater","large-particle-ash",{"title":504,"description":505},"Economiser — final tube bank that preheats feedwater with flue-gas heat","An economiser is the final tube bank in a boiler's convective pass that recovers heat from the flue gas by preheating feedwater. Ash bridging in the economiser is a routine cleaning challenge.",[507],{"title":508,"url":509},"Wikipedia — Economizer","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEconomizer","glossary\u002Feconomiser","kh4Q3Eo9CNl35_b843VUXSI8fDZuiLZqLyB__NSzVH4",{"id":513,"title":107,"aliases":514,"body":519,"category":652,"description":653,"extension":180,"meta":654,"navigation":182,"path":106,"relatedTerms":655,"seo":658,"sources":661,"stem":663,"term":159,"__hash__":664},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fammonium-bisulphate.md",[515,516,517,518],"ABS","ammonium bisulfate","ammonium sulphate","NH4HSO4",{"type":53,"value":520,"toc":647},[521,540,544,547,582,584,621,623],[56,522,523,526,527,529,530,534,535,537,538,411],{},[59,524,525],{},"Ammonium bisulphate (NH₄HSO₄, ABS)"," — sometimes written ",[64,528,516],{}," in US technical literature — is a sticky, low-melting deposit formed when ",[69,531,533],{"href":532},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fammonia-slip","slipped ammonia"," reacts with SO₃ in cooling flue gas. ABS condenses between roughly 150 °C and 250 °C, coating the cold end of any ",[69,536,213],{"href":71}," downstream of an ",[69,539,306],{"href":305},[85,541,543],{"id":542},"why-abs-is-the-most-feared-cold-end-deposit","Why ABS is the most-feared cold-end deposit",[56,545,546],{},"ABS is uniquely problematic because it is:",[93,548,549,555,564,570,576],{},[96,550,551,554],{},[59,552,553],{},"Sticky"," — bonds tenaciously to air-heater baskets and economiser tubes",[96,556,557,560,561],{},[59,558,559],{},"Hygroscopic"," — picks up moisture and accelerates ",[69,562,563],{"href":183},"cold-end corrosion",[96,565,566,569],{},[59,567,568],{},"Hard to remove"," — resists steam sootblowing once consolidated",[96,571,572,575],{},[59,573,574],{},"Self-reinforcing"," — coated surfaces trap more ash, accelerating fouling",[96,577,578,581],{},[59,579,580],{},"Concentrated in a narrow temperature band"," — predictably plugs the same air-heater rows",[85,583,115],{"id":114},[93,585,586,595,601,607,615],{},[96,587,588,594],{},[59,589,590,591],{},"Minimise ",[69,592,593],{"href":532},"ammonia slip"," at the SCR (the single biggest lever)",[96,596,597,600],{},[59,598,599],{},"Manage SO₃ formation"," — fuel sulphur control, catalyst formulation",[96,602,603,606],{},[59,604,605],{},"Avoid the dew-point window"," — keep cold-end gas temperature above the formation band",[96,608,609,614],{},[59,610,611,613],{},[69,612,137],{"href":136}," on the cold end"," — continuous cleaning prevents ABS from consolidating before periodic water-washing",[96,616,617,620],{},[59,618,619],{},"Water-washing campaigns"," — periodic offline washes restore air-heater performance",[85,622,142],{"id":141},[93,624,625,630,635,639,643],{},[96,626,627],{},[69,628,629],{"href":532},"Ammonia slip",[96,631,632],{},[69,633,634],{"href":305},"Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)",[96,636,637],{},[69,638,149],{"href":71},[96,640,641],{},[69,642,47],{"href":183},[96,644,645],{},[69,646,361],{"href":136},{"title":172,"searchDepth":173,"depth":173,"links":648},[649,650,651],{"id":542,"depth":173,"text":543},{"id":114,"depth":173,"text":115},{"id":141,"depth":173,"text":142},"scr-sncr","Ammonium bisulphate (NH₄HSO₄, ABS) — sometimes written ammonium bisulfate in US technical literature — is a sticky, low-melting deposit formed when slipped ammonia reacts with SO₃ in cooling flue gas. ABS condenses between roughly 150 °C and 250 °C, coating the cold end of any air heater downstream of an SCR.",{},[656,657,72,373,374],"ammonia-slip","selective-catalytic-reduction",{"title":659,"description":660},"Ammonium bisulphate (ABS) — sticky deposit from SCR slip plus SO3","Ammonium bisulphate is a sticky low-melting deposit formed when slipped ammonia reacts with SO3 in cooling flue gas. The dominant cold-end fouling species on SCR-equipped boilers.",[662],{"title":193,"url":194},"glossary\u002Fammonium-bisulphate","eVfkw0arMYLXvUn7Eb2ZquRKgct13PXCySe8Iclt3GY",{"id":666,"title":164,"aliases":667,"body":671,"category":178,"description":757,"extension":180,"meta":758,"navigation":182,"path":81,"relatedTerms":759,"seo":760,"sources":763,"stem":765,"term":164,"__hash__":766},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Facid-dew-point.md",[668,669,670],"sulphuric acid dew point","SADT","SO3 dew point",{"type":53,"value":672,"toc":751},[673,679,683,694,698,720,724,735,737],[56,674,675,676,678],{},"The ",[59,677,82],{}," is the temperature at which sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) begins to condense from flue gas containing SO₃ and water vapour. For typical coal-fired flue gas the acid dew point sits in the 120–160 °C range, depending on SO₃ concentration and moisture content. Higher SO₃ raises the dew point; in extreme cases it reaches 180 °C.",[85,680,682],{"id":681},"why-it-matters","Why it matters",[56,684,685,686,73,688,690,691,693],{},"Operating any cold-end surface — ",[69,687,213],{"href":71},[69,689,77],{"href":76}," tubes, ducting — below the acid dew point allows condensed sulphuric acid to attack the metal, causing ",[69,692,563],{"href":183},". The dew point sets the practical floor on cold-end metal temperature.",[85,695,697],{"id":696},"scr-related-complication","SCR-related complication",[56,699,700,701,703,704,708,709,712,713,715,716,719],{},"Boilers with upstream ",[69,702,306],{"href":305}," face a double challenge: the SCR catalyst converts a fraction of SO₂ to SO₃ (",[69,705,707],{"href":706},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fso2-so3-conversion","SO₂\u002FSO₃ conversion","), raising the dew point, ",[64,710,711],{},"and"," unreacted ",[69,714,593],{"href":532}," combines with SO₃ to form ",[69,717,718],{"href":106},"ammonium bisulphate"," that condenses and fouls cold-end surfaces in the same temperature window.",[85,721,723],{"id":722},"operational-implications","Operational implications",[93,725,726,729,732],{},[96,727,728],{},"Cold-end air-heater inlet temperature is normally controlled at least 10–15 °C above the calculated dew point",[96,730,731],{},"Steam coil air heaters or hot-air recirculation raise inlet air temperature during low-load operation",[96,733,734],{},"Periodic dew-point measurement campaigns confirm the calculated value",[85,736,142],{"id":141},[93,738,739,743,747],{},[96,740,741],{},[69,742,47],{"href":183},[96,744,745],{},[69,746,149],{"href":71},[96,748,749],{},[69,750,159],{"href":106},{"title":172,"searchDepth":173,"depth":173,"links":752},[753,754,755,756],{"id":681,"depth":173,"text":682},{"id":696,"depth":173,"text":697},{"id":722,"depth":173,"text":723},{"id":141,"depth":173,"text":142},"The acid dew point is the temperature at which sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) begins to condense from flue gas containing SO₃ and water vapour. For typical coal-fired flue gas the acid dew point sits in the 120–160 °C range, depending on SO₃ concentration and moisture content. Higher SO₃ raises the dew point; in extreme cases it reaches 180 °C.",{},[373,72,185],{"title":761,"description":762},"Acid dew point — temperature at which sulphuric acid condenses from flue gas","The acid dew point is the temperature at which sulphuric acid condenses from flue gas containing SO3 and water vapour. Cold-end metal temperatures must be kept above it.",[764],{"title":193,"url":194},"glossary\u002Facid-dew-point","LF2CjgPQtrngyjMNvCFxb-1is5GIA-MYJO6t4FzoDhs",{"id":768,"title":170,"aliases":769,"body":773,"category":178,"description":927,"extension":180,"meta":928,"navigation":182,"path":169,"relatedTerms":929,"seo":931,"sources":934,"stem":938,"term":170,"__hash__":939},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler-tube-failure.md",[770,771,772],"BTF","boiler tube failures","tube leak",{"type":53,"value":774,"toc":922},[775,781,785,872,876,879,900,902],[56,776,777,780],{},[59,778,779],{},"Boiler tube failure (BTF)"," is the leading cause of forced outages on industrial and utility boilers worldwide. A single tube leak in a high-pressure section requires immediate shutdown for safety and repair, with outage costs running into millions of dollars on a large utility unit.",[85,782,784],{"id":783},"common-btf-mechanisms","Common BTF mechanisms",[228,786,787,797],{},[231,788,789],{},[234,790,791,794],{},[237,792,793],{},"Mechanism",[237,795,796],{},"Typical location",[244,798,799,812,824,837,845,856,864],{},[234,800,801,804],{},[249,802,803],{},"Long-term overheating \u002F creep",[249,805,806,807,809,810],{},"Finishing ",[69,808,501],{"href":477},", ",[69,811,402],{"href":401},[234,813,814,817],{},[249,815,816],{},"Short-term overheating",[249,818,819,823],{},[69,820,822],{"href":821},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaterwall","Waterwall"," at burner clusters",[234,825,826,829],{},[249,827,828],{},"Fly-ash erosion",[249,830,831,809,833,836],{},[69,832,154],{"href":76},[69,834,835],{"href":220},"convective-pass"," tubes",[234,838,839,842],{},[249,840,841],{},"Sootblower erosion",[249,843,844],{},"Tube banks near sootblower lances",[234,846,847,851],{},[249,848,849],{},[69,850,61],{"href":183},[249,852,853,855],{},[69,854,149],{"href":71},", economiser cold end",[234,857,858,861],{},[249,859,860],{},"Hydrogen damage",[249,862,863],{},"High-heat-flux waterwalls",[234,865,866,869],{},[249,867,868],{},"Stress-corrosion cracking",[249,870,871],{},"Cycling units, austenitic superheaters",[85,873,875],{"id":874},"cleaning-practices-and-btf","Cleaning practices and BTF",[56,877,878],{},"Cleaning choices contribute directly to several BTF mechanisms:",[93,880,881,887,893],{},[96,882,883,886],{},[59,884,885],{},"Steam sootblower erosion"," is a documented cause of premature tube failure where lance alignment is poor or sootblowers fire too often",[96,888,889,892],{},[59,890,891],{},"Water-cannon thermal shock"," can crack tubes at the impingement zone",[96,894,895,899],{},[59,896,897],{},[69,898,137],{"href":136}," carry no documented BTF mechanism because they apply no contact force; this is a routinely-cited reason for their adoption as a complement to (or partial replacement of) steam sootblowing on fouling-prone surfaces",[85,901,142],{"id":141},[93,903,904,908,914,918],{},[96,905,906],{},[69,907,338],{"href":337},[96,909,910],{},[69,911,913],{"href":912},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftube-erosion-tube-wastage","Tube erosion \u002F tube wastage",[96,915,916],{},[69,917,47],{"href":183},[96,919,920],{},[69,921,361],{"href":136},{"title":172,"searchDepth":173,"depth":173,"links":923},[924,925,926],{"id":783,"depth":173,"text":784},{"id":874,"depth":173,"text":875},{"id":141,"depth":173,"text":142},"Boiler tube failure (BTF) is the leading cause of forced outages on industrial and utility boilers worldwide. A single tube leak in a high-pressure section requires immediate shutdown for safety and repair, with outage costs running into millions of dollars on a large utility unit.",{},[178,930,373,374],"tube-erosion-tube-wastage",{"title":932,"description":933},"Boiler tube failure (BTF) — the leading cause of forced outages","Boiler tube failures are the leading cause of forced outages on industrial boilers. Causes range from creep and erosion to corrosion and overheating; cleaning practices contribute to several.",[935],{"title":936,"url":937},"POWER Magazine — Update: Benchmarking Boiler Tube Failures","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.powermag.com\u002Fupdate-benchmarking-boiler-tube-failures\u002F","glossary\u002Fboiler-tube-failure","jq0c2DsvoMFC7DUtwu56JbaA7p6hOAIN2NlQIGiTahk",1782613724447]