[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1027},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:carry-over":45,"glossary-related:carry-over":198},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":52,"category":178,"description":179,"extension":180,"meta":181,"navigation":182,"path":183,"relatedTerms":184,"seo":188,"sources":191,"stem":195,"term":196,"__hash__":197},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcarry-over.md","Carry-over",[49,50,51],"smelt carry-over","recovery boiler carry-over","carryover",{"type":53,"value":54,"toc":171},"minimark",[55,88,93,109,113,134,138],[56,57,58,61,62,67,68,72,73,77,78,82,83,87],"p",{},[59,60,47],"strong",{}," is the entrained molten or partly-molten ",[63,64,66],"a",{"href":65},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsmelt","smelt"," droplets and ash particles that are lifted from the ",[63,69,71],{"href":70},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","recovery boiler"," furnace upward into the convective pass instead of falling to the boiler bottom. Carry-over is the dominant fouling agent on recovery-boiler ",[63,74,76],{"href":75},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","superheater",", ",[63,79,81],{"href":80},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fgenerating-bank","generating-bank"," and ",[63,84,86],{"href":85},"\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser","economiser"," tubes.",[89,90,92],"h2",{"id":91},"why-carry-over-is-so-problematic","Why carry-over is so problematic",[94,95,96,100,103,106],"ul",{},[97,98,99],"li",{},"Particles arrive on the tubes still partly molten or sticky",[97,101,102],{},"They bond on contact, producing a deposit that resists steam sootblowing",[97,104,105],{},"The deposit composition (sodium sulphate + carbonate + sulphide) is alkali-rich and corrosive",[97,107,108],{},"Build-up accelerates if not actively dislodged early",[89,110,112],{"id":111},"cleaning","Cleaning",[56,114,115,82,119,123,124,128,129,133],{},[63,116,118],{"href":117},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horns",[63,120,122],{"href":121},"\u002Fglossary\u002Finfrasonic-cleaner","infrasonic cleaners"," on recovery boilers target carry-over deposits before they consolidate. The combination of continuous acoustic action and periodic ",[63,125,127],{"href":126},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fik-long-retract-sootblower","IK retract sootblowing"," is what allows modern recovery boilers to extend run-time targets to 12–18 months between ",[63,130,132],{"href":131},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fchill-and-blow","chill-and-blow"," campaigns.",[89,135,137],{"id":136},"related-terms","Related terms",[94,139,140,145,150,156,161,166],{},[97,141,142],{},[63,143,144],{"href":70},"Recovery boiler",[97,146,147],{},[63,148,149],{"href":65},"Smelt",[97,151,152],{},[63,153,155],{"href":154},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffume","Fume",[97,157,158],{},[63,159,160],{"href":75},"Superheater",[97,162,163],{},[63,164,165],{"href":80},"Generating bank",[97,167,168],{},[63,169,170],{"href":117},"Sonic horn",{"title":172,"searchDepth":173,"depth":173,"links":174},"",2,[175,176,177],{"id":91,"depth":173,"text":92},{"id":111,"depth":173,"text":112},{"id":136,"depth":173,"text":137},"pulp-paper","Carry-over is the entrained molten or partly-molten smelt droplets and ash particles that are lifted from the recovery boiler furnace upward into the convective pass instead of falling to the boiler bottom. Carry-over is the dominant fouling agent on recovery-boiler superheater, generating-bank and economiser tubes.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcarry-over",[185,66,186,76,81,187],"recovery-boiler","fume","sonic-horn",{"title":189,"description":190},"Carry-over — entrained molten droplets and ash in recovery-boiler flue gas","Carry-over is the entrained molten smelt droplets and ash particles carried upward in recovery-boiler flue gas. The dominant fouling agent on superheater and generating-bank tubes.",[192],{"title":193,"url":194},"Wikipedia — Recovery boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRecovery_boiler","glossary\u002Fcarry-over","Carry-over (recovery boiler)","HGISYtBxVcBiszlfm4GYrp6_pSkmnmus-MiXbmikXuM",[199,379,473,562,715,796],{"id":200,"title":144,"aliases":201,"body":205,"category":363,"description":364,"extension":180,"meta":365,"navigation":182,"path":70,"relatedTerms":366,"seo":369,"sources":372,"stem":377,"term":144,"__hash__":378},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler.md",[202,203,204],"kraft recovery boiler","black-liquor recovery boiler","BLRB",{"type":53,"value":206,"toc":357},[207,222,226,233,261,270,274,304,308,316,318],[56,208,209,210,212,213,77,216,218,219,221],{},"A ",[59,211,71],{}," (also ",[214,215,202],"em",{},[214,217,203],{},", or ",[214,220,204],{},") is a unique industrial boiler at the centre of every kraft pulp mill. It burns concentrated black liquor — the spent cooking-chemicals stream — to generate steam, electrical power and to recover the sodium and sulphur compounds that re-enter the pulping cycle as smelt. Recovery boilers are large, complex, expensive and irreplaceable to mill operation.",[89,223,225],{"id":224},"the-iconic-sonic-horn-application","The iconic sonic-horn application",[56,227,228,229,232],{},"Recovery boilers are the iconic application for ",[63,230,231],{"href":117},"sonic horns",". Three features combine to make them so:",[94,234,235,246,255],{},[97,236,237,240,241,82,243,245],{},[59,238,239],{},"Sticky, alkali-rich ash"," — sodium-sulphate carry-over deposits aggressively on ",[63,242,76],{"href":75},[63,244,81],{"href":80}," tubes",[97,247,248,251,252,254],{},[59,249,250],{},"Long-run-time targets"," — mills target 12–18 months between ",[63,253,132],{"href":131}," wash cycles, and every extra week of run time is worth tens of thousands of dollars",[97,256,257,260],{},[59,258,259],{},"Deep cavities"," — the superheater bundles are tall and bafflingly inaccessible to short-throw cleaning",[56,262,263,264,266,267,269],{},"Both conventional ",[63,265,231],{"href":117}," at 60–125 Hz and ",[63,268,122],{"href":121}," below 30 Hz are deployed on recovery boilers. Major OEM aftermarket teams (ANDRITZ, Valmet, Babcock & Wilcox Vølund) all integrate acoustic cleaning into their service portfolios.",[89,271,273],{"id":272},"other-applications-inside-the-recovery-island","Other applications inside the recovery island",[94,275,276,282,288,298],{},[97,277,278,281],{},[59,279,280],{},"ESP hoppers"," — sodium-rich fly-ash bridging",[97,283,284,287],{},[59,285,286],{},"Economiser pluggage"," — salt-cake build-up on tube bundles",[97,289,290,293,294],{},[59,291,292],{},"Lime kiln preheater"," — see ",[63,295,297],{"href":296},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flime-kiln","lime kiln",[97,299,300,303],{},[59,301,302],{},"Smelt dissolving tank"," vent stack — sodium-fume build-up",[89,305,307],{"id":306},"safety","Safety",[56,309,310,311,315],{},"Recovery-boiler operations are governed by ",[63,312,314],{"href":313},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fblrbac","BLRBAC"," Recommended Good Practices. Any cleaning intervention — including acoustic — is reviewed against BLRBAC water-side-incident and emergency-shutdown protocols.",[89,317,137],{"id":136},[94,319,320,326,330,334,339,344,348,352],{},[97,321,322],{},[63,323,325],{"href":324},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler","Boiler",[97,327,328],{},[63,329,165],{"href":80},[97,331,332],{},[63,333,160],{"href":75},[97,335,336],{},[63,337,338],{"href":85},"Economiser",[97,340,341],{},[63,342,343],{"href":131},"Chill-and-blow",[97,345,346],{},[63,347,314],{"href":313},[97,349,350],{},[63,351,170],{"href":117},[97,353,354],{},[63,355,356],{"href":121},"Infrasonic cleaner",{"title":172,"searchDepth":173,"depth":173,"links":358},[359,360,361,362],{"id":224,"depth":173,"text":225},{"id":272,"depth":173,"text":273},{"id":306,"depth":173,"text":307},{"id":136,"depth":173,"text":137},"boiler","A recovery boiler (also kraft recovery boiler, black-liquor recovery boiler, or BLRB) is a unique industrial boiler at the centre of every kraft pulp mill. It burns concentrated black liquor — the spent cooking-chemicals stream — to generate steam, electrical power and to recover the sodium and sulphur compounds that re-enter the pulping cycle as smelt. Recovery boilers are large, complex, expensive and irreplaceable to mill operation.",{},[363,81,76,86,132,367,187,368],"blrbac","infrasonic-cleaner",{"title":370,"description":371},"Recovery boiler — kraft pulp mill steam-and-chemicals plant","A recovery boiler burns kraft black liquor to generate steam, electrical power and recovered pulping chemicals. Iconic application for sonic horns on superheater cleaning.",[373,374],{"title":193,"url":194},{"title":375,"url":376},"BLRBAC — Recovery Boilers in Service","https:\u002F\u002Fblrbac.net\u002Frecovery-boilers-in-service\u002F","glossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","mXzBGZ7hSMEgl58wabmRAArKMR06mHldZvB1HJLRt0g",{"id":380,"title":149,"aliases":381,"body":384,"category":178,"description":459,"extension":180,"meta":460,"navigation":182,"path":65,"relatedTerms":461,"seo":465,"sources":468,"stem":470,"term":471,"__hash__":472},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsmelt.md",[382,383],"kraft smelt","recovery boiler smelt",{"type":53,"value":385,"toc":454},[386,399,403,421,423,429,431],[56,387,388,390,391,393,394,398],{},[59,389,149],{}," is the molten inorganic phase recovered from the bottom of a ",[63,392,202],{"href":70},". It consists primarily of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and sodium sulphide (Na₂S) at ~800 °C and is the chemical-recovery product of black-liquor combustion. Smelt is discharged from the boiler bottom through spouts into a ",[63,395,397],{"href":396},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsmelt-dissolving-tank","smelt dissolving tank (SDT)"," where it is quenched into water to form green liquor.",[89,400,402],{"id":401},"smelt-carry-over","Smelt carry-over",[56,404,405,406,409,410,77,413,82,415,417,418,420],{},"A portion of the inorganic burden — sodium sulphate, sodium chloride, fume — does not settle as smelt but is entrained upward in the flue gas as ",[63,407,408],{"href":183},"carry-over",". This carry-over is what fouls the ",[63,411,412],{"href":80},"generating bank",[63,414,76],{"href":75},[63,416,86],{"href":85},", and is the target of ",[63,419,187],{"href":117}," cleaning.",[89,422,307],{"id":306},[56,424,425,426,428],{},"Molten smelt contact with water is the leading documented cause of catastrophic recovery-boiler explosions. ",[63,427,314],{"href":313}," Recommended Good Practices govern smelt-handling procedures and any change to cleaning systems — including acoustic-horn additions — requires review against the smelt-water-explosion protocols.",[89,430,137],{"id":136},[94,432,433,437,443,448],{},[97,434,435],{},[63,436,144],{"href":70},[97,438,439],{},[63,440,442],{"href":441},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fblack-liquor","Black liquor",[97,444,445],{},[63,446,447],{"href":396},"Smelt dissolving tank (SDT)",[97,449,450],{},[63,451,453],{"href":452},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecausticising","Recausticising",{"title":172,"searchDepth":173,"depth":173,"links":455},[456,457,458],{"id":401,"depth":173,"text":402},{"id":306,"depth":173,"text":307},{"id":136,"depth":173,"text":137},"Smelt is the molten inorganic phase recovered from the bottom of a kraft recovery boiler. It consists primarily of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and sodium sulphide (Na₂S) at ~800 °C and is the chemical-recovery product of black-liquor combustion. Smelt is discharged from the boiler bottom through spouts into a smelt dissolving tank (SDT) where it is quenched into water to form green liquor.",{},[185,462,463,464],"black-liquor","smelt-dissolving-tank","recausticising",{"title":466,"description":467},"Smelt — molten inorganic recovered from kraft recovery boilers","Smelt is the molten sodium carbonate and sulphide mixture that accumulates in the bottom of a kraft recovery boiler. It is dissolved into green liquor and recausticised to pulping reagent.",[469],{"title":193,"url":194},"glossary\u002Fsmelt","Smelt (recovery boiler)","5L_O2eD74h-akmEsbjqyXkvnBQBYbTR5ZDvCt6_gCD4",{"id":474,"title":475,"aliases":476,"body":479,"category":178,"description":551,"extension":180,"meta":552,"navigation":182,"path":154,"relatedTerms":553,"seo":555,"sources":558,"stem":560,"term":475,"__hash__":561},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Ffume.md","Fume (recovery boiler)",[477,478],"sodium fume","recovery boiler fume",{"type":53,"value":480,"toc":546},[481,494,498,501,518,520,525,527],[56,482,483,485,486,488,489,493],{},[59,484,155],{}," in recovery-boiler vocabulary refers to the very fine sub-micron sodium-sulphate particulate that forms by vapour-phase condensation in the upper furnace as gas cools from the combustion zone. Distinct from larger ",[63,487,408],{"href":183}," particles, fume is too fine to settle by gravity and remains entrained until captured by the downstream ",[63,490,492],{"href":491},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESP",".",[89,495,497],{"id":496},"where-fume-deposits","Where fume deposits",[56,499,500],{},"Fume's small particle size means it follows gas streamlines closely but still deposits where flow eddies allow contact with cooler surfaces:",[94,502,503,510,515],{},[97,504,505,82,507,509],{},[63,506,160],{"href":75},[63,508,81],{"href":80}," tubes — alongside larger carry-over particles",[97,511,512,514],{},[63,513,338],{"href":85}," tubes — fume-rich bottoming deposits",[97,516,517],{},"ESP collecting plates — fine cake build-up",[89,519,112],{"id":111},[56,521,522,524],{},[63,523,118],{"href":117}," on the recovery-boiler convective pass and ESP address both fume and coarser carry-over deposits in the same firing pattern.",[89,526,137],{"id":136},[94,528,529,533,537,541],{},[97,530,531],{},[63,532,144],{"href":70},[97,534,535],{},[63,536,47],{"href":183},[97,538,539],{},[63,540,160],{"href":75},[97,542,543],{},[63,544,545],{"href":491},"Electrostatic precipitator",{"title":172,"searchDepth":173,"depth":173,"links":547},[548,549,550],{"id":496,"depth":173,"text":497},{"id":111,"depth":173,"text":112},{"id":136,"depth":173,"text":137},"Fume in recovery-boiler vocabulary refers to the very fine sub-micron sodium-sulphate particulate that forms by vapour-phase condensation in the upper furnace as gas cools from the combustion zone. Distinct from larger carry-over particles, fume is too fine to settle by gravity and remains entrained until captured by the downstream ESP.",{},[185,408,76,554],"electrostatic-precipitator",{"title":556,"description":557},"Fume — fine sodium-sulphate particulate in recovery-boiler flue gas","Fume is the fine sub-micron sodium-sulphate particulate that forms in the upper furnace of a recovery boiler. It deposits on superheater and economiser tubes and is captured by the ESP.",[559],{"title":193,"url":194},"glossary\u002Ffume","dNlJgZitDweX0TZTVW1Gcq8M6jeWlrA6mb5RcNZmwJQ",{"id":563,"title":160,"aliases":564,"body":569,"category":363,"description":699,"extension":180,"meta":700,"navigation":182,"path":75,"relatedTerms":701,"seo":706,"sources":709,"stem":713,"term":160,"__hash__":714},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater.md",[565,566,567,568],"superheaters","primary superheater","secondary superheater","finishing superheater",{"type":53,"value":570,"toc":694},[571,581,585,624,626,636,658,661,663],[56,572,209,573,575,576,580],{},[59,574,76],{}," is a tube bank in a boiler's ",[63,577,579],{"href":578},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fconvective-pass-backpass","convective pass"," that raises the steam temperature beyond its saturation point using residual heat from the flue gas. Most utility boilers have at least two superheater stages: a primary superheater (cooler gas) and a secondary or finishing superheater (closest to the furnace, hottest gas).",[89,582,584],{"id":583},"fouling","Fouling",[94,586,587,601,607],{},[97,588,589,595,596,600],{},[59,590,591],{},[63,592,594],{"href":593},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fslagging","Slagging"," on the finishing superheater — semi-molten ash from the ",[63,597,599],{"href":598},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffurnace","furnace"," deposits on the hottest tubes",[97,602,603,606],{},[59,604,605],{},"Bonded ash"," on the primary superheater — drier deposits that sinter under sustained temperature",[97,608,609,612,613,77,617,82,620,623],{},[59,610,611],{},"Sodium \u002F potassium-rich deposits"," on ",[63,614,616],{"href":615},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","biomass",[63,618,619],{"href":615},"WtE",[63,621,622],{"href":70},"recovery boilers"," — sticky, low-melting, aggressive",[89,625,112],{"id":111},[56,627,628,629,82,633,635],{},"Steam ",[63,630,632],{"href":631},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","sootblowers",[63,634,231],{"href":117}," work together:",[94,637,638,641,649],{},[97,639,640],{},"Sootblowers attack hard slag on the finishing superheater",[97,642,643,644,648],{},"Sonic horns (",[63,645,647],{"href":646},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","60–125 Hz",") keep dry ash from consolidating on the primary superheater and convective superheater",[97,650,651,654,655,657],{},[63,652,653],{"href":121},"Infrasonic cleaners"," below 30 Hz are used on deep ",[63,656,185],{"href":70}," superheater cavities",[56,659,660],{},"The combination extends the interval between major water-washes and reduces steam-attemperation requirements that mask deteriorating heat transfer.",[89,662,137],{"id":136},[94,664,665,669,674,680,684,688],{},[97,666,667],{},[63,668,325],{"href":324},[97,670,671],{},[63,672,673],{"href":578},"Convective pass \u002F backpass",[97,675,676],{},[63,677,679],{"href":678},"\u002Fglossary\u002Freheater","Reheater",[97,681,682],{},[63,683,594],{"href":593},[97,685,686],{},[63,687,170],{"href":117},[97,689,690],{},[63,691,693],{"href":692},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",{"title":172,"searchDepth":173,"depth":173,"links":695},[696,697,698],{"id":583,"depth":173,"text":584},{"id":111,"depth":173,"text":112},{"id":136,"depth":173,"text":137},"A superheater is a tube bank in a boiler's convective pass that raises the steam temperature beyond its saturation point using residual heat from the flue gas. Most utility boilers have at least two superheater stages: a primary superheater (cooler gas) and a secondary or finishing superheater (closest to the furnace, hottest gas).",{},[363,702,703,704,187,705],"convective-pass-backpass","reheater","slagging","sonic-sootblower",{"title":707,"description":708},"Superheater — boiler tube bank that raises steam temperature beyond saturation","A superheater is a tube bank that raises steam temperature beyond the saturation point using flue-gas heat. Sticky alkali ash and slag deposits are the dominant fouling concerns.",[710],{"title":711,"url":712},"Wikipedia — Superheater","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSuperheater","glossary\u002Fsuperheater","hYVXyyVmlWCU3AXfAl0l3YAhHpWty_akkDsBJGC_NDs",{"id":716,"title":165,"aliases":717,"body":720,"category":363,"description":786,"extension":180,"meta":787,"navigation":182,"path":80,"relatedTerms":788,"seo":789,"sources":792,"stem":794,"term":165,"__hash__":795},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fgenerating-bank.md",[718,719],"boiler bank","boiler generating bank",{"type":53,"value":721,"toc":781},[722,739,743,749,751,761,763],[56,723,724,725,727,728,730,731,733,734,736,737,493],{},"The ",[59,726,412],{}," (sometimes simply ",[214,729,718],{},") is the array of evaporator tubes between the upper steam drum and the lower mud drum of a ",[63,732,71],{"href":70}," or older two-drum industrial boiler. Flue gas passing through the bank gives up heat to the water-and-steam mixture rising through the tubes, performing bulk evaporation between the ",[63,735,599],{"href":598}," and the ",[63,738,86],{"href":85},[89,740,742],{"id":741},"fouling-on-the-generating-bank","Fouling on the generating bank",[56,744,745,746,748],{},"Recovery-boiler generating banks suffer characteristic alkali-rich ash bridging. The narrow tube spacing makes bridges form quickly, ΔP rises, gas flow channels through residual gaps and bypasses cleaner tubes. Plants targeting 12–18 months between ",[63,747,132],{"href":131}," campaigns spend significant effort keeping the generating bank clean.",[89,750,112],{"id":111},[56,752,753,82,755,757,758,760],{},[63,754,118],{"href":117},[63,756,122],{"href":121}," are well-established on recovery-boiler generating banks. They typically complement existing IK retract ",[63,759,632],{"href":126}," by providing continuous gentle dislodging between the more aggressive periodic blow.",[89,762,137],{"id":136},[94,764,765,769,773,777],{},[97,766,767],{},[63,768,144],{"href":70},[97,770,771],{},[63,772,325],{"href":324},[97,774,775],{},[63,776,673],{"href":578},[97,778,779],{},[63,780,170],{"href":117},{"title":172,"searchDepth":173,"depth":173,"links":782},[783,784,785],{"id":741,"depth":173,"text":742},{"id":111,"depth":173,"text":112},{"id":136,"depth":173,"text":137},"The generating bank (sometimes simply boiler bank) is the array of evaporator tubes between the upper steam drum and the lower mud drum of a recovery boiler or older two-drum industrial boiler. Flue gas passing through the bank gives up heat to the water-and-steam mixture rising through the tubes, performing bulk evaporation between the furnace and the economiser.",{},[185,363,702,187],{"title":790,"description":791},"Generating bank — recovery-boiler evaporator tube bank between drums","The generating bank is the array of evaporator tubes between the steam and mud drums of a recovery boiler, performing bulk heat absorption from cooling flue gas.",[793],{"title":193,"url":194},"glossary\u002Fgenerating-bank","WSPnccmZCcXxc2tUiGnRul_R_VOG_U3Hr_nXuleETEA",{"id":797,"title":170,"aliases":798,"body":801,"category":1003,"description":1004,"extension":180,"meta":1005,"navigation":182,"path":117,"relatedTerms":1006,"seo":1012,"sources":1015,"stem":1025,"term":170,"__hash__":1026},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn.md",[231,799,800],"sonic cleaning horn","industrial sonic horn",{"type":53,"value":802,"toc":996},[803,832,836,844,848,916,920,955,959,966,968],[56,804,209,805,808,809,813,814,77,817,77,821,77,825,82,828,493],{},[59,806,807],{},"sonic horn"," is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of ",[63,810,812],{"href":811},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner","acoustic cleaner"," and the default specification for cleaning ",[63,815,816],{"href":491},"ESPs",[63,818,820],{"href":819},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffabric-filter","baghouses",[63,822,824],{"href":823},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR catalysts",[63,826,827],{"href":75},"boiler heat-transfer surfaces",[63,829,831],{"href":830},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","hoppers and silos",[89,833,835],{"id":834},"how-a-sonic-horn-works","How a sonic horn works",[56,837,838,839,843],{},"Compressed plant air admitted through a ",[63,840,842],{"href":841},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","solenoid valve"," drives a metal diaphragm — typically titanium or 316 stainless — into resonant oscillation at the horn's fundamental frequency. The oscillating pressure field is amplified by an exponential bell horn and projected into the vessel as a near-spherical sound wave. Particulate already deposited on internal surfaces receives an oscillating acceleration that overcomes adhesion; loosened material is then carried out with the gas flow before it can sinter, bridge or bond. Because the cleaning is acoustic and non-contact, the horn can fire while the plant is online without tube erosion, refractory damage or thermal shock.",[89,845,847],{"id":846},"key-parameters","Key parameters",[849,850,851,864],"table",{},[852,853,854],"thead",{},[855,856,857,861],"tr",{},[858,859,860],"th",{},"Parameter",[858,862,863],{},"Typical range",[865,866,867,876,884,892,900,908],"tbody",{},[855,868,869,873],{},[870,871,872],"td",{},"Fundamental frequency",[870,874,875],{},"60–400 Hz",[855,877,878,881],{},[870,879,880],{},"Sound pressure level",[870,882,883],{},"140–180 dB",[855,885,886,889],{},[870,887,888],{},"Compressed-air consumption",[870,890,891],{},"8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin at 4–7 bar",[855,893,894,897],{},[870,895,896],{},"Operating temperature (with appropriate materials)",[870,898,899],{},"−40 °C to +500 °C",[855,901,902,905],{},[870,903,904],{},"Firing cycle",[870,906,907],{},"5–15 s burst, repeated every 3–15 minutes",[855,909,910,913],{},[870,911,912],{},"Mass",[870,914,915],{},"15–60 kg depending on horn size",[89,917,919],{"id":918},"frequency-selection","Frequency selection",[56,921,922,923,77,927,930,931,77,935,939,940,77,943,947,948,82,951,493],{},"Lower frequencies (60–125 Hz) project longer wavelengths and penetrate further into large open vessels — ",[63,924,926],{"href":925},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","preheater cyclones",[63,928,929],{"href":70},"recovery-boiler superheaters",", large ",[63,932,934],{"href":933},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-field-bus-section","ESP fields",[63,936,938],{"href":937},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silos",". Higher frequencies (230–400 Hz) carry more energy per unit volume and suit finer dust loads in ",[63,941,942],{"href":819},"fabric-filter compartments",[63,944,946],{"href":945},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhoneycomb-catalyst","catalyst layers"," and smaller hopper geometries. See ",[63,949,950],{"href":646},"low-frequency acoustic cleaner",[63,952,954],{"href":953},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency acoustic cleaner",[89,956,958],{"id":957},"sonic-horn-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic horn vs steam sootblower",[56,960,961,962,965],{},"Sonic horns are increasingly specified alongside or in place of ",[63,963,964],{"href":631},"steam sootblowers"," because they consume no boiler-grade steam, cause no tube erosion, require almost no moving parts and can fire every few minutes without operator intervention. They are less effective on hard, fused slag than retractable steam lances, so on furnace waterwalls and high-temperature superheaters they typically complement rather than replace mechanical cleaning.",[89,967,137],{"id":136},[94,969,970,975,979,985,991],{},[97,971,972],{},[63,973,974],{"href":811},"Acoustic cleaner",[97,976,977],{},[63,978,693],{"href":692},[97,980,981],{},[63,982,984],{"href":983},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbell-horn","Bell horn",[97,986,987],{},[63,988,990],{"href":989},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","Diaphragm horn",[97,992,993],{},[63,994,995],{"href":646},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner",{"title":172,"searchDepth":173,"depth":173,"links":997},[998,999,1000,1001,1002],{"id":834,"depth":173,"text":835},{"id":846,"depth":173,"text":847},{"id":918,"depth":173,"text":919},{"id":957,"depth":173,"text":958},{"id":136,"depth":173,"text":137},"core-technology","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of acoustic cleaner and the default specification for cleaning ESPs, baghouses, SCR catalysts, boiler heat-transfer surfaces and hoppers and silos.",{},[1007,1008,705,1009,1010,1011],"acoustic-cleaner","acoustic-cleaning-system","bell-horn","diaphragm-horn","low-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":1013,"description":1014},"Sonic horn — definition, frequency, SPL and industrial applications","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven low-frequency sound emitter (typically 60–400 Hz at 140–180 dB SPL) used to dislodge particulate fouling from boilers, ESPs, baghouses and process vessels.",[1016,1019,1022],{"title":1017,"url":1018},"Power Engineering — Sonic Horns: A User's Introduction","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Fsonic-horns-a-userrsquos-introduction\u002F",{"title":1020,"url":1021},"Power Engineering — Tuning in to Acoustic Cleaning","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Ftuning-in-to-acoustic-cleaning\u002F",{"title":1023,"url":1024},"Wikipedia — Sonic soot blowers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSonic_soot_blowers","glossary\u002Fsonic-horn","YzrhN0kKzqSaQo0wfn0rueNZ-V43mcg5zahqeWi3lnU",1782613748713]