[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1066},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:calciner":45,"glossary-related:calciner":208},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":53,"category":188,"description":189,"extension":190,"meta":191,"navigation":192,"path":193,"relatedTerms":194,"seo":199,"sources":202,"stem":206,"term":47,"__hash__":207},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcalciner.md","Calciner",[49,50,51,52],"cement calciner","inline calciner","separate calciner","precalciner",{"type":54,"value":55,"toc":180},"minimark",[56,84,89,107,111,139,143,146,150],[57,58,59,60,64,65,70,71,74,75,78,79,83],"p",{},"A ",[61,62,63],"strong",{},"calciner"," is the combustion chamber in a modern cement preheater tower where raw meal is pre-calcined — the endothermic CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂ reaction is driven to ~90% completion — before the meal enters the ",[66,67,69],"a",{"href":68},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frotary-kiln","rotary kiln",". Calciners can be ",[61,72,73],{},"inline"," (placed in the kiln-riser gas path) or ",[61,76,77],{},"separate"," (a dedicated combustion chamber receiving tertiary air through a dedicated ",[66,80,82],{"href":81},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftertiary-air-duct","tertiary air duct",").",[85,86,88],"h2",{"id":87},"afr-firing","AFR firing",[57,90,91,92,96,97,101,102,106],{},"Calciners are the dominant firing location for ",[66,93,95],{"href":94},"\u002Fglossary\u002Falternative-fuel","alternative fuels"," (",[66,98,100],{"href":99},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf","RDF, SRF, TDF",", sewage sludge). They tolerate variable-quality waste fuels better than the main kiln burner because residence time is longer and temperatures are lower. Cement plants targeting high ",[66,103,105],{"href":104},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fthermal-substitution-rate","thermal substitution rates (TSR)"," concentrate their AFR firing in the calciner.",[85,108,110],{"id":109},"fouling","Fouling",[57,112,113,114,118,119,123,124,128,129,133,134,138],{},"AFR firing in the calciner raises the chlorine and sulphur loading of the gas reaching the ",[66,115,117],{"href":116},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","preheater cyclones"," above. This intensifies the ",[66,120,122],{"href":121},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbuild-up-coating-accretion","build-up"," problem in the lower preheater stages and the ",[66,125,127],{"href":126},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fkiln-inlet-riser-duct","kiln riser",", driving the need for ",[66,130,132],{"href":131},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fchloride-bypass","chloride bypass"," and active ",[66,135,137],{"href":136},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","sonic-horn"," cleaning.",[85,140,142],{"id":141},"cleaning","Cleaning",[57,144,145],{},"Sonic horns are mounted on calciner walls and on the calciner outlet to the preheater stage 5 cyclone, keeping the gas path free of the alkali coatings that accumulate at high AFR rates.",[85,147,149],{"id":148},"related-terms","Related terms",[151,152,153,160,165,170,175],"ul",{},[154,155,156],"li",{},[66,157,159],{"href":158},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-tower","Preheater tower",[154,161,162],{},[66,163,164],{"href":116},"Preheater cyclone",[154,166,167],{},[66,168,169],{"href":68},"Rotary kiln",[154,171,172],{},[66,173,174],{"href":94},"Alternative fuel (AFR)",[154,176,177],{},[66,178,179],{"href":136},"Sonic horn",{"title":181,"searchDepth":182,"depth":182,"links":183},"",2,[184,185,186,187],{"id":87,"depth":182,"text":88},{"id":109,"depth":182,"text":110},{"id":141,"depth":182,"text":142},{"id":148,"depth":182,"text":149},"cement","A calciner is the combustion chamber in a modern cement preheater tower where raw meal is pre-calcined — the endothermic CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂ reaction is driven to ~90% completion — before the meal enters the rotary kiln. Calciners can be inline (placed in the kiln-riser gas path) or separate (a dedicated combustion chamber receiving tertiary air through a dedicated tertiary air duct).","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcalciner",[195,196,197,198,137],"preheater-tower","preheater-cyclone","rotary-kiln","alternative-fuel",{"title":200,"description":201},"Calciner — cement-plant pre-calcination chamber for raw meal","A calciner is a combustion chamber in the cement preheater tower where raw meal is pre-calcined (CaCO3 → CaO) before entering the rotary kiln. Common site for AFR firing.",[203],{"title":204,"url":205},"Wikipedia — Cement kiln","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCement_kiln","glossary\u002Fcalciner","7__3zwaD-YwbWIprz3qMM76tTceT3xtEYbzJgZ_dq1s",[209,353,518,653,833],{"id":210,"title":159,"aliases":211,"body":215,"category":188,"description":338,"extension":190,"meta":339,"navigation":192,"path":158,"relatedTerms":340,"seo":343,"sources":346,"stem":351,"term":159,"__hash__":352},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-tower.md",[212,213,214],"cement preheater","preheater tower cement","cyclone preheater",{"type":54,"value":216,"toc":333},[217,230,234,245,261,265,268,300,303,305],[57,218,59,219,222,223,226,227,229],{},[61,220,221],{},"preheater tower"," is a vertical stack of ",[66,224,225],{"href":116},"cyclone separators"," that pre-heats incoming raw meal with hot exhaust gas from the ",[66,228,69],{"href":68}," before the meal enters the kiln itself. Modern cement plants use 4-, 5- or 6-stage preheater towers, recovering enough heat from kiln exhaust to deliver raw meal to the kiln at 800–900 °C.",[85,231,233],{"id":232},"why-preheater-towers-are-fouling-prone","Why preheater towers are fouling-prone",[57,235,236,237,240,241,244],{},"The lower preheater stages — and especially the ",[66,238,239],{"href":126},"kiln inlet \u002F riser duct"," — sit in a temperature window (700–900 °C) where alkali sulphates and chlorides condense from the gas onto cooler refractory and steel surfaces. The resulting ",[66,242,243],{"href":121},"build-up \u002F coating \u002F accretion"," grows progressively, narrows the gas path, and eventually causes a kiln stop for manual cleaning.",[57,246,247,248,251,252,255,256,260],{},"The fouling intensifies when ",[66,249,250],{"href":94},"alternative fuels (AFR)"," — ",[66,253,254],{"href":99},"RDF \u002F SRF \u002F TDF"," — replace conventional fossil fuels, because waste fuels release more chlorine and sulphur into the ",[66,257,259],{"href":258},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsulphur-cycle-chloride-cycle-alkali-cycle","sulphur and chloride cycles",".",[85,262,264],{"id":263},"cleaning-the-preheater","Cleaning the preheater",[57,266,267],{},"Acoustic cleaning is the dominant preventive technology on modern cement preheater towers:",[151,269,270,279,288,294],{},[154,271,272,278],{},[61,273,274,277],{},[66,275,276],{"href":136},"Sonic horns"," at 75–125 Hz"," mounted on the lower-stage cyclones and the kiln-inlet area",[154,280,281,287],{},[61,282,283],{},[66,284,286],{"href":285},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-cannon-air-blaster","Air cannons"," as periodic remediation for the heaviest deposits",[154,289,290,293],{},[61,291,292],{},"Manual water-lancing"," during planned outages",[154,295,296,299],{},[61,297,298],{},"Operator monitoring"," of cyclone ΔP and meal-flow indicators as early warning",[57,301,302],{},"The Sylio value proposition on cement preheaters is preserving kiln availability — every avoided unplanned stop is worth 24–72 hours of clinker production.",[85,304,149],{"id":148},[151,306,307,311,315,319,324,329],{},[154,308,309],{},[66,310,164],{"href":116},[154,312,313],{},[66,314,47],{"href":193},[154,316,317],{},[66,318,169],{"href":68},[154,320,321],{},[66,322,323],{"href":126},"Kiln inlet \u002F riser duct",[154,325,326],{},[66,327,328],{"href":104},"Thermal substitution rate",[154,330,331],{},[66,332,179],{"href":136},{"title":181,"searchDepth":182,"depth":182,"links":334},[335,336,337],{"id":232,"depth":182,"text":233},{"id":263,"depth":182,"text":264},{"id":148,"depth":182,"text":149},"A preheater tower is a vertical stack of cyclone separators that pre-heats incoming raw meal with hot exhaust gas from the rotary kiln before the meal enters the kiln itself. Modern cement plants use 4-, 5- or 6-stage preheater towers, recovering enough heat from kiln exhaust to deliver raw meal to the kiln at 800–900 °C.",{},[196,63,197,341,342,137],"kiln-inlet-riser-duct","thermal-substitution-rate",{"title":344,"description":345},"Preheater tower — multi-stage cyclone heat exchanger feeding the cement kiln","A preheater tower is a vertical stack of cyclone separators that pre-heats raw meal with kiln exhaust gas before it enters the rotary kiln. The most fouling-prone section of any cement plant.",[347,348],{"title":204,"url":205},{"title":349,"url":350},"ECRA — Sulphur and Chloride Cycles","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecra-online.org\u002Fnewsletters\u002Fsulphur-and-chloride-cycles-and-the-use-of-alternative-fuels-or-raw-materials","glossary\u002Fpreheater-tower","nTZjuMnzN9vAh_OaO2iJWciYrv1LpKAM_yqg0BNl5TM",{"id":354,"title":164,"aliases":355,"body":359,"category":188,"description":504,"extension":190,"meta":505,"navigation":192,"path":116,"relatedTerms":506,"seo":509,"sources":512,"stem":516,"term":164,"__hash__":517},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone.md",[356,357,358],"cement preheater cyclone","cyclone stage","preheater stage",{"type":54,"value":360,"toc":499},[361,374,378,455,461,463,476,478],[57,362,59,363,366,367,370,371,83],{},[61,364,365],{},"preheater cyclone"," is one cyclone stage of a ",[66,368,369],{"href":158},"cement preheater tower",". A 5-stage tower has 5 cyclones in series, numbered from the top (stage 1, lowest temperature) to the bottom (stage 5, hottest, just above the ",[66,372,373],{"href":126},"kiln inlet",[85,375,377],{"id":376},"stage-by-stage-fouling-profile","Stage-by-stage fouling profile",[379,380,381,397],"table",{},[382,383,384],"thead",{},[385,386,387,391,394],"tr",{},[388,389,390],"th",{},"Stage",[388,392,393],{},"Approximate gas temperature",[388,395,396],{},"Fouling intensity",[398,399,400,412,422,433,444],"tbody",{},[385,401,402,406,409],{},[403,404,405],"td",{},"Stage 1 (top)",[403,407,408],{},"300–350 °C",[403,410,411],{},"Low",[385,413,414,417,420],{},[403,415,416],{},"Stage 2",[403,418,419],{},"500–550 °C",[403,421,411],{},[385,423,424,427,430],{},[403,425,426],{},"Stage 3",[403,428,429],{},"600–650 °C",[403,431,432],{},"Moderate",[385,434,435,438,441],{},[403,436,437],{},"Stage 4",[403,439,440],{},"700–750 °C",[403,442,443],{},"High",[385,445,446,449,452],{},[403,447,448],{},"Stage 5 (bottom)",[403,450,451],{},"800–900 °C",[403,453,454],{},"Highest — chloride\u002Falkali condensation peak",[57,456,457,458,460],{},"Stage 4 and stage 5 cyclones are the dominant fouling problem in any cement-plant preheater. They sit in the temperature window where alkali sulphates and chlorides condense most aggressively, and they hold the ",[66,459,63],{"href":193}," gas-temperature profile that determines downstream meal preheat efficiency.",[85,462,142],{"id":141},[57,464,465,466,468,469,472,473,475],{},"A typical cement-preheater ",[66,467,137],{"href":136}," installation places multiple horns on stage 4 and stage 5 cyclones, with additional horns on the ",[66,470,471],{"href":126},"kiln-inlet riser duct"," and the ",[66,474,82],{"href":81},". The continuous acoustic field prevents the cohesive coatings that cause cyclone pluggage.",[85,477,149],{"id":148},[151,479,480,484,490,495],{},[154,481,482],{},[66,483,159],{"href":158},[154,485,486],{},[66,487,489],{"href":488},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcyclone-separator","Cyclone separator",[154,491,492],{},[66,493,494],{"href":121},"Build-up \u002F coating \u002F accretion",[154,496,497],{},[66,498,179],{"href":136},{"title":181,"searchDepth":182,"depth":182,"links":500},[501,502,503],{"id":376,"depth":182,"text":377},{"id":141,"depth":182,"text":142},{"id":148,"depth":182,"text":149},"A preheater cyclone is one cyclone stage of a cement preheater tower. A 5-stage tower has 5 cyclones in series, numbered from the top (stage 1, lowest temperature) to the bottom (stage 5, hottest, just above the kiln inlet).",{},[195,507,508,137],"cyclone-separator","build-up-coating-accretion",{"title":510,"description":511},"Preheater cyclone — individual cyclone stage in a cement preheater tower","A preheater cyclone is one stage of a cement-plant preheater tower. Lower stages (stage 4-5) suffer the worst build-up and are the primary target for sonic-horn cleaning.",[513],{"title":514,"url":515},"Primasonics — Cyclones","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.primasonics.com\u002Fapplications\u002Fcyclones\u002F","glossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","aNeXB0wTgXIQCd1VwsAuC04Y4Jx4NoYfWfRyHg1x13M",{"id":519,"title":169,"aliases":520,"body":523,"category":188,"description":642,"extension":190,"meta":643,"navigation":192,"path":68,"relatedTerms":644,"seo":646,"sources":649,"stem":651,"term":169,"__hash__":652},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Frotary-kiln.md",[521,522],"cement kiln","rotary cement kiln",{"type":54,"value":524,"toc":636},[525,535,539,553,557,560,564,567,604,609,611],[57,526,59,527,529,530,534],{},[61,528,69],{}," is a long (typically 50–100 m), large-diameter (typically 4–6 m), gently inclined rotating steel cylinder lined with refractory brick where preheated raw meal is burned at flame temperatures of ~2,000 °C and material temperatures of ~1,450 °C to form ",[66,531,533],{"href":532},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fclinker","clinker",". The rotary kiln is the heart of every cement plant.",[85,536,538],{"id":537},"layout","Layout",[57,540,541,542,544,545,547,548,552],{},"The kiln is fed at its upper end by raw meal pre-calcined in the ",[66,543,221],{"href":158}," and ",[66,546,63],{"href":193},". The main burner fires at the lower (clinker discharge) end, opposing the gas flow direction. Discharged clinker falls into the ",[66,549,551],{"href":550},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fclinker-cooler","clinker cooler"," below.",[85,554,556],{"id":555},"why-kiln-stops-are-catastrophic","Why kiln stops are catastrophic",[57,558,559],{},"A cement kiln is designed for continuous operation. Stopping and restarting the kiln means cooling and re-heating massive refractory mass, which damages the lining and incurs substantial fuel cost. A typical unplanned kiln stop loses 24–72 hours of clinker production, equivalent to thousands of tonnes of lost output.",[85,561,563],{"id":562},"what-stops-the-kiln","What stops the kiln",[57,565,566],{},"Most unplanned kiln stops trace to upstream or downstream problems rather than the kiln itself:",[151,568,569,577,586,592,598],{},[154,570,571,574,575],{},[61,572,573],{},"Preheater pluggage"," — see ",[66,576,221],{"href":158},[154,578,579,585],{},[61,580,581],{},[66,582,584],{"href":583},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fkiln-inlet-ring-snowman","Kiln-inlet ring \u002F snowman"," formation",[154,587,588,591],{},[61,589,590],{},"Clinker cooler upset"," — bridging in the cooler hopper",[154,593,594,597],{},[61,595,596],{},"Calciner pluggage"," — accreted build-up from AFR firing",[154,599,600,603],{},[61,601,602],{},"ID-fan trip"," — fouled blades causing vibration",[57,605,606,608],{},[66,607,276],{"href":136}," installed across the preheater, calciner and kiln-inlet area address several of these directly.",[85,610,149],{"id":148},[151,612,613,618,623,627,631],{},[154,614,615],{},[66,616,617],{"href":532},"Clinker",[154,619,620],{},[66,621,622],{"href":550},"Clinker cooler",[154,624,625],{},[66,626,323],{"href":126},[154,628,629],{},[66,630,159],{"href":158},[154,632,633],{},[66,634,635],{"href":94},"Alternative fuel",{"title":181,"searchDepth":182,"depth":182,"links":637},[638,639,640,641],{"id":537,"depth":182,"text":538},{"id":555,"depth":182,"text":556},{"id":562,"depth":182,"text":563},{"id":148,"depth":182,"text":149},"A rotary kiln is a long (typically 50–100 m), large-diameter (typically 4–6 m), gently inclined rotating steel cylinder lined with refractory brick where preheated raw meal is burned at flame temperatures of ~2,000 °C and material temperatures of ~1,450 °C to form clinker. The rotary kiln is the heart of every cement plant.",{},[533,645,341,195,198],"clinker-cooler",{"title":647,"description":648},"Rotary kiln — the heart of the cement plant","A rotary kiln is a long inclined rotating cylinder where preheated raw meal is burned at 1,450 °C to form clinker. The heart of every cement plant.",[650],{"title":204,"url":205},"glossary\u002Frotary-kiln","MIYT9G3DCofPYVl4SqD8erG8mcl6gg4VWmUXfvLV0fc",{"id":654,"title":174,"aliases":655,"body":659,"category":188,"description":820,"extension":190,"meta":821,"navigation":192,"path":94,"relatedTerms":822,"seo":826,"sources":829,"stem":831,"term":635,"__hash__":832},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Falternative-fuel.md",[656,95,657,658],"AFR","secondary fuel","waste-derived fuel",{"type":54,"value":660,"toc":814},[661,676,680,715,719,744,748,751,779,787,789],[57,662,663,665,666,669,670,672,673,675],{},[61,664,174],{}," — sometimes ",[667,668,657],"em",{}," or ",[667,671,658],{}," — refers to non-fossil energy sources used to replace coal, petcoke and natural gas in cement-kiln combustion. The cement industry is the largest single user of AFR worldwide because the high temperatures and long residence times in a ",[66,674,69],{"href":68}," destroy organic contaminants, and the alkaline raw materials neutralise acidic combustion products.",[85,677,679],{"id":678},"common-afr-streams","Common AFR streams",[151,681,682,688,694,700,703,706,709,712],{},[154,683,684,687],{},[66,685,686],{"href":99},"RDF"," — refuse-derived fuel",[154,689,690,693],{},[66,691,692],{"href":99},"SRF"," — solid recovered fuel (higher-spec RDF)",[154,695,696,699],{},[66,697,698],{"href":99},"TDF"," — tyre-derived fuel",[154,701,702],{},"Sewage sludge (dried)",[154,704,705],{},"Animal-meal residues",[154,707,708],{},"Agricultural residues",[154,710,711],{},"Used solvents and waste oils",[154,713,714],{},"Plastic and paper fractions",[85,716,718],{"id":717},"drivers","Drivers",[151,720,721,727,733,739],{},[154,722,723,726],{},[61,724,725],{},"CO₂ reduction"," — biomass fractions reduce net carbon emissions",[154,728,729,732],{},[61,730,731],{},"Waste-disposal economics"," — gate fees offset fuel cost",[154,734,735,738],{},[61,736,737],{},"EU ETS pressure"," — carbon prices punish fossil-fuel firing",[154,740,741],{},[61,742,743],{},"Regional waste-management policies",[85,745,747],{"id":746},"operational-consequences","Operational consequences",[57,749,750],{},"AFR firing typically intensifies several existing operational problems:",[151,752,753,758,767,773],{},[154,754,755,756],{},"More chlorine and sulphur in the ",[66,757,259],{"href":258},[154,759,760,761,544,764],{},"More ",[66,762,763],{"href":583},"kiln-inlet build-up",[66,765,766],{"href":121},"preheater coatings",[154,768,769,770,772],{},"More frequent ",[66,771,132],{"href":131}," operation",[154,774,775,776,778],{},"More demanding ",[66,777,63],{"href":193}," burner control",[57,780,781,544,783,786],{},[66,782,276],{"href":136},[66,784,785],{"href":285},"air cannons"," on the preheater and kiln inlet become more important as TSR rises.",[85,788,149],{"id":148},[151,790,791,795,800,804,809],{},[154,792,793],{},[66,794,254],{"href":99},[154,796,797],{},[66,798,799],{"href":104},"Thermal substitution rate (TSR)",[154,801,802],{},[66,803,47],{"href":193},[154,805,806],{},[66,807,808],{"href":131},"Chloride bypass",[154,810,811],{},[66,812,813],{"href":258},"Sulphur \u002F chloride \u002F alkali cycles",{"title":181,"searchDepth":182,"depth":182,"links":815},[816,817,818,819],{"id":678,"depth":182,"text":679},{"id":717,"depth":182,"text":718},{"id":746,"depth":182,"text":747},{"id":148,"depth":182,"text":149},"Alternative fuel (AFR) — sometimes secondary fuel or waste-derived fuel — refers to non-fossil energy sources used to replace coal, petcoke and natural gas in cement-kiln combustion. The cement industry is the largest single user of AFR worldwide because the high temperatures and long residence times in a rotary kiln destroy organic contaminants, and the alkaline raw materials neutralise acidic combustion products.",{},[823,342,63,824,825],"rdf-srf-tdf","chloride-bypass","sulphur-cycle-chloride-cycle-alkali-cycle",{"title":827,"description":828},"Alternative fuel (AFR) — non-fossil fuels for cement kilns","Alternative fuels (AFR) replace fossil fuel in cement kilns. They cut CO2 emissions and waste-disposal cost but increase chlorine, sulphur and alkali loading in the kiln gas.",[830],{"title":204,"url":205},"glossary\u002Falternative-fuel","8a9Wktj3h9L0w-C7tMXKI-y1T31K4IsFiIBPj8b461Y",{"id":834,"title":179,"aliases":835,"body":839,"category":1041,"description":1042,"extension":190,"meta":1043,"navigation":192,"path":136,"relatedTerms":1044,"seo":1051,"sources":1054,"stem":1064,"term":179,"__hash__":1065},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn.md",[836,837,838],"sonic horns","sonic cleaning horn","industrial sonic horn",{"type":54,"value":840,"toc":1034},[841,873,877,885,889,951,955,990,994,1002,1004],[57,842,59,843,846,847,851,852,856,857,856,861,856,865,544,869,260],{},[61,844,845],{},"sonic horn"," is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of ",[66,848,850],{"href":849},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner","acoustic cleaner"," and the default specification for cleaning ",[66,853,855],{"href":854},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESPs",", ",[66,858,860],{"href":859},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffabric-filter","baghouses",[66,862,864],{"href":863},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR catalysts",[66,866,868],{"href":867},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","boiler heat-transfer surfaces",[66,870,872],{"href":871},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","hoppers and silos",[85,874,876],{"id":875},"how-a-sonic-horn-works","How a sonic horn works",[57,878,879,880,884],{},"Compressed plant air admitted through a ",[66,881,883],{"href":882},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","solenoid valve"," drives a metal diaphragm — typically titanium or 316 stainless — into resonant oscillation at the horn's fundamental frequency. The oscillating pressure field is amplified by an exponential bell horn and projected into the vessel as a near-spherical sound wave. Particulate already deposited on internal surfaces receives an oscillating acceleration that overcomes adhesion; loosened material is then carried out with the gas flow before it can sinter, bridge or bond. Because the cleaning is acoustic and non-contact, the horn can fire while the plant is online without tube erosion, refractory damage or thermal shock.",[85,886,888],{"id":887},"key-parameters","Key parameters",[379,890,891,901],{},[382,892,893],{},[385,894,895,898],{},[388,896,897],{},"Parameter",[388,899,900],{},"Typical range",[398,902,903,911,919,927,935,943],{},[385,904,905,908],{},[403,906,907],{},"Fundamental frequency",[403,909,910],{},"60–400 Hz",[385,912,913,916],{},[403,914,915],{},"Sound pressure level",[403,917,918],{},"140–180 dB",[385,920,921,924],{},[403,922,923],{},"Compressed-air consumption",[403,925,926],{},"8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin at 4–7 bar",[385,928,929,932],{},[403,930,931],{},"Operating temperature (with appropriate materials)",[403,933,934],{},"−40 °C to +500 °C",[385,936,937,940],{},[403,938,939],{},"Firing cycle",[403,941,942],{},"5–15 s burst, repeated every 3–15 minutes",[385,944,945,948],{},[403,946,947],{},"Mass",[403,949,950],{},"15–60 kg depending on horn size",[85,952,954],{"id":953},"frequency-selection","Frequency selection",[57,956,957,958,856,960,964,965,856,969,973,974,856,977,981,982,544,986,260],{},"Lower frequencies (60–125 Hz) project longer wavelengths and penetrate further into large open vessels — ",[66,959,117],{"href":116},[66,961,963],{"href":962},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","recovery-boiler superheaters",", large ",[66,966,968],{"href":967},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-field-bus-section","ESP fields",[66,970,972],{"href":971},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silos",". Higher frequencies (230–400 Hz) carry more energy per unit volume and suit finer dust loads in ",[66,975,976],{"href":859},"fabric-filter compartments",[66,978,980],{"href":979},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhoneycomb-catalyst","catalyst layers"," and smaller hopper geometries. See ",[66,983,985],{"href":984},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","low-frequency acoustic cleaner",[66,987,989],{"href":988},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency acoustic cleaner",[85,991,993],{"id":992},"sonic-horn-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic horn vs steam sootblower",[57,995,996,997,1001],{},"Sonic horns are increasingly specified alongside or in place of ",[66,998,1000],{"href":999},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","steam sootblowers"," because they consume no boiler-grade steam, cause no tube erosion, require almost no moving parts and can fire every few minutes without operator intervention. They are less effective on hard, fused slag than retractable steam lances, so on furnace waterwalls and high-temperature superheaters they typically complement rather than replace mechanical cleaning.",[85,1003,149],{"id":148},[151,1005,1006,1011,1017,1023,1029],{},[154,1007,1008],{},[66,1009,1010],{"href":849},"Acoustic cleaner",[154,1012,1013],{},[66,1014,1016],{"href":1015},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",[154,1018,1019],{},[66,1020,1022],{"href":1021},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbell-horn","Bell horn",[154,1024,1025],{},[66,1026,1028],{"href":1027},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","Diaphragm horn",[154,1030,1031],{},[66,1032,1033],{"href":984},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner",{"title":181,"searchDepth":182,"depth":182,"links":1035},[1036,1037,1038,1039,1040],{"id":875,"depth":182,"text":876},{"id":887,"depth":182,"text":888},{"id":953,"depth":182,"text":954},{"id":992,"depth":182,"text":993},{"id":148,"depth":182,"text":149},"core-technology","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of acoustic cleaner and the default specification for cleaning ESPs, baghouses, SCR catalysts, boiler heat-transfer surfaces and hoppers and silos.",{},[1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050],"acoustic-cleaner","acoustic-cleaning-system","sonic-sootblower","bell-horn","diaphragm-horn","low-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":1052,"description":1053},"Sonic horn — definition, frequency, SPL and industrial applications","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven low-frequency sound emitter (typically 60–400 Hz at 140–180 dB SPL) used to dislodge particulate fouling from boilers, ESPs, baghouses and process vessels.",[1055,1058,1061],{"title":1056,"url":1057},"Power Engineering — Sonic Horns: A User's Introduction","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Fsonic-horns-a-userrsquos-introduction\u002F",{"title":1059,"url":1060},"Power Engineering — Tuning in to Acoustic Cleaning","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Ftuning-in-to-acoustic-cleaning\u002F",{"title":1062,"url":1063},"Wikipedia — Sonic soot blowers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSonic_soot_blowers","glossary\u002Fsonic-horn","YzrhN0kKzqSaQo0wfn0rueNZ-V43mcg5zahqeWi3lnU",1782613727264]