[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1657},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:boiler":45,"glossary-related:boiler":317},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":52,"category":62,"description":291,"extension":292,"meta":293,"navigation":294,"path":295,"relatedTerms":296,"seo":305,"sources":308,"stem":315,"term":47,"__hash__":316},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler.md","Boiler",[49,50,51],"industrial boiler","utility boiler","steam generator",{"type":53,"value":54,"toc":284},"minimark",[55,87,92,210,214,248,252],[56,57,58,59,63,64,69,70,73,74,78,79,73,83,86],"p",{},"A ",[60,61,62],"strong",{},"boiler"," is a closed vessel in which fuel chemical energy is converted to steam by transferring heat into water flowing through tube banks. Industrial and utility boilers serve electricity generation, district heating, process steam, ",[65,66,68],"a",{"href":67},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","WtE",", ",[65,71,72],{"href":67},"biomass"," and ",[65,75,77],{"href":76},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","pulp-and-paper"," operations. All of them foul; the only variables are ",[80,81,82],"em",{},"how much",[80,84,85],{},"with what",".",[88,89,91],"h2",{"id":90},"boiler-families","Boiler families",[93,94,95,111],"table",{},[96,97,98],"thead",{},[99,100,101,105,108],"tr",{},[102,103,104],"th",{},"Type",[102,106,107],{},"Fuel",[102,109,110],{},"Notes",[112,113,114,129,143,157,170,184,195],"tbody",{},[99,115,116,123,126],{},[117,118,119],"td",{},[65,120,122],{"href":121},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpc-boiler","PC boiler",[117,124,125],{},"Pulverised coal",[117,127,128],{},"Dominant utility design",[99,130,131,137,140],{},[117,132,133],{},[65,134,136],{"href":135},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcfb-boiler","CFB boiler",[117,138,139],{},"Coal, biomass, RDF, lignite",[117,141,142],{},"Tolerates wider fuel range; lower NOx",[99,144,145,151,154],{},[117,146,147],{},[65,148,150],{"href":149},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbfb-boiler","BFB boiler",[117,152,153],{},"Biomass, sludge, low-grade fuels",[117,155,156],{},"Bubbling fluidised bed",[99,158,159,164,167],{},[117,160,161],{},[65,162,163],{"href":76},"Recovery boiler",[117,165,166],{},"Black liquor (kraft pulp mills)",[117,168,169],{},"Combines chemicals recovery with steam",[99,171,172,178,181],{},[117,173,174],{},[65,175,177],{"href":176},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhog-fuel-boiler-bark-boiler","Hog-fuel boiler",[117,179,180],{},"Wood waste, bark",[117,182,183],{},"Common at pulp mills as side boilers",[99,185,186,189,192],{},[117,187,188],{},"Gas \u002F oil boiler",[117,190,191],{},"Natural gas, fuel oil",[117,193,194],{},"Lower particulate, less fouling",[99,196,197,200,203],{},[117,198,199],{},"HRSG",[117,201,202],{},"Gas-turbine exhaust",[117,204,205,206],{},"See ",[65,207,209],{"href":208},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-recovery-steam-generator","heat-recovery steam generator",[88,211,213],{"id":212},"where-sonic-horns-sit","Where sonic horns sit",[56,215,216,220,221,69,225,69,229,73,233,237,238,242,243,247],{},[65,217,219],{"href":218},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horns"," installed across the convective pass — between ",[65,222,224],{"href":223},"\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser","economiser",[65,226,228],{"href":227},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","superheaters",[65,230,232],{"href":231},"\u002Fglossary\u002Freheater","reheater",[65,234,236],{"href":235},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-heater","air heater"," — dislodge ash and soot continuously, supplementing or partially replacing steam ",[65,239,241],{"href":240},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","sootblowers",". The benefit shows up as ",[65,244,246],{"href":245},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-rate","heat rate"," recovery, deferred outages and longer intervals between water washes.",[88,249,251],{"id":250},"related-terms","Related terms",[253,254,255,260,264,268,274,279],"ul",{},[256,257,258],"li",{},[65,259,122],{"href":121},[256,261,262],{},[65,263,136],{"href":135},[256,265,266],{},[65,267,163],{"href":76},[256,269,270],{},[65,271,273],{"href":272},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaterwall","Waterwall",[256,275,276],{},[65,277,278],{"href":223},"Economiser",[256,280,281],{},[65,282,283],{"href":218},"Sonic horn",{"title":285,"searchDepth":286,"depth":286,"links":287},"",2,[288,289,290],{"id":90,"depth":286,"text":91},{"id":212,"depth":286,"text":213},{"id":250,"depth":286,"text":251},"A boiler is a closed vessel in which fuel chemical energy is converted to steam by transferring heat into water flowing through tube banks. Industrial and utility boilers serve electricity generation, district heating, process steam, WtE, biomass and pulp-and-paper operations. All of them foul; the only variables are how much and with what.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler",[297,298,299,300,301,224,302,303,304],"pc-boiler","cfb-boiler","bfb-boiler","recovery-boiler","waterwall","superheater","air-heater","sonic-horn",{"title":306,"description":307},"Boiler — industrial steam generator types and acoustic-cleaning needs","A boiler is a vessel that converts fuel chemical energy into steam by heating water. Coal-fired, biomass, oil, gas and recovery boilers all foul; sonic horns clean heat-transfer surfaces.",[309,312],{"title":310,"url":311},"Wikipedia — Boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBoiler",{"title":313,"url":314},"Babcock & Wilcox — Sootblower and Boiler Cleaning Terminology","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.babcock.com\u002Fhome\u002Fabout\u002Fresources\u002Flearning-center\u002Fsootblower-and-boiler-cleaning-terminology-principles-and-applications","glossary\u002Fboiler","pamAnZGo_UeIedDHhYrfv0nP3GCXkNTGi0a197n4b5Q",[318,458,592,686,869,1003,1125,1260,1433],{"id":319,"title":320,"aliases":321,"body":324,"category":62,"description":444,"extension":292,"meta":445,"navigation":294,"path":121,"relatedTerms":446,"seo":448,"sources":451,"stem":455,"term":456,"__hash__":457},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fpc-boiler.md","PC boiler (pulverised coal)",[122,322,323],"pulverised coal boiler","pulverized coal boiler",{"type":53,"value":325,"toc":439},[326,332,336,365,369,401,409,411],[56,327,58,328,331],{},[60,329,330],{},"pulverised-coal (PC) boiler"," grinds coal to a fine powder in pulverising mills and injects it through burners into a furnace, where it burns in suspension at 1,400–1,700 °C. PC boilers are the dominant utility-scale boiler design worldwide and remain the workhorse of legacy coal-fired generation in Asia, India, Africa, Eastern Europe and parts of the Americas.",[88,333,335],{"id":334},"layout","Layout",[56,337,338,339,342,343,69,345,69,348,351,352,355,356,360,361,86],{},"A typical PC boiler has tangential, wall-fired or down-fired burner arrangements with ",[65,340,341],{"href":272},"waterwalls"," absorbing radiant heat from the furnace; gas then passes over ",[65,344,228],{"href":227},[65,346,347],{"href":231},"reheaters",[65,349,350],{"href":223},"economisers"," and finally ",[65,353,354],{"href":235},"air heaters"," before reaching the ",[65,357,359],{"href":358},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESP"," or ",[65,362,364],{"href":363},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbaghouse","baghouse",[88,366,368],{"id":367},"fouling-pattern","Fouling pattern",[253,370,371,377,383,389,395],{},[256,372,373,376],{},[60,374,375],{},"Slag"," on waterwalls and finishing superheaters",[256,378,379,382],{},[60,380,381],{},"Bonded ash"," on convective superheater and reheater tube banks",[256,384,385,388],{},[60,386,387],{},"Bridging deposits"," in the economiser hopper",[256,390,391,394],{},[60,392,393],{},"Ammonium-bisulphate fouling"," on the air-heater cold end (if SCR is installed upstream)",[256,396,397,400],{},[60,398,399],{},"Hopper bridging"," on the ESP and baghouse",[56,402,403,405,406,408],{},[65,404,219],{"href":218}," installed across the convective pass attack the second through fourth of these continuously, complementing steam ",[65,407,241],{"href":240}," on the slag-bonded superheater.",[88,410,251],{"id":250},[253,412,413,417,421,425,430,435],{},[256,414,415],{},[65,416,47],{"href":295},[256,418,419],{},[65,420,136],{"href":135},[256,422,423],{},[65,424,273],{"href":272},[256,426,427],{},[65,428,429],{"href":227},"Superheater",[256,431,432],{},[65,433,434],{"href":358},"Electrostatic precipitator",[256,436,437],{},[65,438,283],{"href":218},{"title":285,"searchDepth":286,"depth":286,"links":440},[441,442,443],{"id":334,"depth":286,"text":335},{"id":367,"depth":286,"text":368},{"id":250,"depth":286,"text":251},"A pulverised-coal (PC) boiler grinds coal to a fine powder in pulverising mills and injects it through burners into a furnace, where it burns in suspension at 1,400–1,700 °C. PC boilers are the dominant utility-scale boiler design worldwide and remain the workhorse of legacy coal-fired generation in Asia, India, Africa, Eastern Europe and parts of the Americas.",{},[62,298,301,302,447,304],"electrostatic-precipitator",{"title":449,"description":450},"PC boiler (pulverised-coal boiler) — dominant utility boiler design","A pulverised-coal boiler grinds coal to fine powder and injects it through burners into a furnace. The dominant utility-scale boiler design worldwide.",[452],{"title":453,"url":454},"Wikipedia — Pulverized coal-fired boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FPulverized_coal-fired_boiler","glossary\u002Fpc-boiler","Pulverised-coal boiler","p2M6biFa8FTNXOXeBnJrp1fX4NRZatIs40fAFiu0Wdo",{"id":459,"title":460,"aliases":461,"body":464,"category":62,"description":578,"extension":292,"meta":579,"navigation":294,"path":135,"relatedTerms":580,"seo":582,"sources":585,"stem":589,"term":590,"__hash__":591},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcfb-boiler.md","CFB boiler (circulating fluidised bed)",[136,462,463],"circulating fluidised bed boiler","circulating fluidized bed",{"type":53,"value":465,"toc":573},[466,480,484,487,511,514,516,543,548,550],[56,467,58,468,471,472,476,477,479],{},[60,469,470],{},"circulating fluidised-bed (CFB) boiler"," burns fuel in a turbulent bed of sand, ash and limestone, circulated by an upward-flowing combustion-air stream and recirculated through external ",[65,473,475],{"href":474},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcyclone-separator","cyclone separators",". Combustion temperature (~850 °C) is much lower than in a ",[65,478,122],{"href":121},", giving naturally lower NOx and the capability to capture SO₂ in the bed by limestone addition.",[88,481,483],{"id":482},"fuel-flexibility","Fuel flexibility",[56,485,486],{},"CFB boilers tolerate a far wider range of fuels than PC boilers:",[253,488,489,492,495,501,508],{},[256,490,491],{},"Coal (anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, lignite)",[256,493,494],{},"Petroleum coke",[256,496,497,500],{},[65,498,499],{"href":67},"Biomass"," (wood, agricultural residues, bagasse)",[256,502,503,507],{},[65,504,506],{"href":505},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frdf-srf-tdf","RDF"," and waste fractions",[256,509,510],{},"Mixed and low-grade fuels",[56,512,513],{},"This fuel flexibility makes CFB the technology of choice for biomass conversions, waste-fired plants and lignite-rich regions.",[88,515,368],{"id":367},[253,517,518,524,537],{},[256,519,520,523],{},[60,521,522],{},"Cyclone fouling"," — recirculating bed material accumulates on cyclone walls and downcomers",[256,525,526,529,530,69,532,73,534,536],{},[60,527,528],{},"Backpass fouling"," — fine ash on ",[65,531,224],{"href":223},[65,533,302],{"href":227},[65,535,303],{"href":235}," tubes",[256,538,539,542],{},[60,540,541],{},"Refractory wear"," in high-velocity zones",[56,544,545,547],{},[65,546,219],{"href":218}," on the backpass surfaces and cyclone walls extend run length between maintenance outages.",[88,549,251],{"id":250},[253,551,552,556,560,564,569],{},[256,553,554],{},[65,555,47],{"href":295},[256,557,558],{},[65,559,150],{"href":149},[256,561,562],{},[65,563,122],{"href":121},[256,565,566],{},[65,567,568],{"href":474},"Cyclone separator",[256,570,571],{},[65,572,283],{"href":218},{"title":285,"searchDepth":286,"depth":286,"links":574},[575,576,577],{"id":482,"depth":286,"text":483},{"id":367,"depth":286,"text":368},{"id":250,"depth":286,"text":251},"A circulating fluidised-bed (CFB) boiler burns fuel in a turbulent bed of sand, ash and limestone, circulated by an upward-flowing combustion-air stream and recirculated through external cyclone separators. Combustion temperature (~850 °C) is much lower than in a PC boiler, giving naturally lower NOx and the capability to capture SO₂ in the bed by limestone addition.",{},[62,299,297,581,304],"cyclone-separator",{"title":583,"description":584},"CFB boiler — circulating fluidised-bed combustion for fuel flexibility","A CFB boiler burns fuel in a turbulent bed of sand, ash and limestone circulated by an upward-flowing gas stream. Tolerates coal, biomass, RDF and lignite; produces low NOx.",[586],{"title":587,"url":588},"Wikipedia — Fluidized bed combustion","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFluidized_bed_combustion","glossary\u002Fcfb-boiler","Circulating fluidised-bed boiler","QNumZQl2rNlvci0eemW6ii5Do8yT8iOZn-74mjhC-XY",{"id":593,"title":594,"aliases":595,"body":598,"category":62,"description":674,"extension":292,"meta":675,"navigation":294,"path":149,"relatedTerms":676,"seo":678,"sources":681,"stem":683,"term":684,"__hash__":685},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fbfb-boiler.md","BFB boiler (bubbling fluidised bed)",[150,596,597],"bubbling fluidised bed","bubbling fluidized bed",{"type":53,"value":599,"toc":669},[600,610,614,634,638,652,654],[56,601,58,602,605,606,609],{},[60,603,604],{},"bubbling fluidised-bed (BFB) boiler"," burns fuel in a bed of inert solids fluidised by an upward gas flow slow enough that the bed surface bubbles like boiling water but particles do not entrain into the flue gas. Compared with ",[65,607,608],{"href":135},"CFB",", BFB uses lower fluidisation velocity, no external cyclone, and a simpler bed-management regime.",[88,611,613],{"id":612},"where-bfb-is-used","Where BFB is used",[253,615,616,619,622,628,631],{},[256,617,618],{},"Wet biomass and forest residues",[256,620,621],{},"Sewage-sludge incineration",[256,623,624,627],{},[65,625,626],{"href":176},"Hog-fuel"," and bark boilers at pulp mills",[256,629,630],{},"Small-to-mid capacity district-heating and process-steam duty",[256,632,633],{},"High-moisture, low-calorific fuels generally",[88,635,637],{"id":636},"fouling","Fouling",[56,639,640,641,73,643,645,646,648,649,651],{},"The fouling pattern resembles a CFB but with less cyclone deposition. The convective pass, ",[65,642,224],{"href":223},[65,644,236],{"href":235}," accumulate fine ash; the ",[65,647,301],{"href":272}," above the bed can experience alkali-rich slagging on agricultural-residue and straw fuels. ",[65,650,219],{"href":218}," on the convective pass and air-heater cold end are the typical cleaning fit.",[88,653,251],{"id":250},[253,655,656,660,664],{},[256,657,658],{},[65,659,47],{"href":295},[256,661,662],{},[65,663,136],{"href":135},[256,665,666],{},[65,667,668],{"href":176},"Hog-fuel boiler \u002F bark boiler",{"title":285,"searchDepth":286,"depth":286,"links":670},[671,672,673],{"id":612,"depth":286,"text":613},{"id":636,"depth":286,"text":637},{"id":250,"depth":286,"text":251},"A bubbling fluidised-bed (BFB) boiler burns fuel in a bed of inert solids fluidised by an upward gas flow slow enough that the bed surface bubbles like boiling water but particles do not entrain into the flue gas. Compared with CFB, BFB uses lower fluidisation velocity, no external cyclone, and a simpler bed-management regime.",{},[62,298,677],"hog-fuel-boiler-bark-boiler",{"title":679,"description":680},"BFB boiler — bubbling fluidised-bed combustion for biomass and sludge","A BFB boiler suspends fuel in a slowly-bubbling bed of inert solids. Lower fluidisation velocity than CFB; suited to high-moisture biomass and sludges.",[682],{"title":587,"url":588},"glossary\u002Fbfb-boiler","Bubbling fluidised-bed boiler","Bzx0JXI9cax6PUkf7iAsR15RqikYZIcxMt5DAlUZ8LA",{"id":687,"title":163,"aliases":688,"body":692,"category":62,"description":852,"extension":292,"meta":853,"navigation":294,"path":76,"relatedTerms":854,"seo":857,"sources":860,"stem":867,"term":163,"__hash__":868},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler.md",[689,690,691],"kraft recovery boiler","black-liquor recovery boiler","BLRB",{"type":53,"value":693,"toc":846},[694,708,712,719,750,761,765,795,799,807,809],[56,695,58,696,699,700,69,702,704,705,707],{},[60,697,698],{},"recovery boiler"," (also ",[80,701,689],{},[80,703,690],{},", or ",[80,706,691],{},") is a unique industrial boiler at the centre of every kraft pulp mill. It burns concentrated black liquor — the spent cooking-chemicals stream — to generate steam, electrical power and to recover the sodium and sulphur compounds that re-enter the pulping cycle as smelt. Recovery boilers are large, complex, expensive and irreplaceable to mill operation.",[88,709,711],{"id":710},"the-iconic-sonic-horn-application","The iconic sonic-horn application",[56,713,714,715,718],{},"Recovery boilers are the iconic application for ",[65,716,717],{"href":218},"sonic horns",". Three features combine to make them so:",[253,720,721,733,744],{},[256,722,723,726,727,73,729,536],{},[60,724,725],{},"Sticky, alkali-rich ash"," — sodium-sulphate carry-over deposits aggressively on ",[65,728,302],{"href":227},[65,730,732],{"href":731},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fgenerating-bank","generating-bank",[256,734,735,738,739,743],{},[60,736,737],{},"Long-run-time targets"," — mills target 12–18 months between ",[65,740,742],{"href":741},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fchill-and-blow","chill-and-blow"," wash cycles, and every extra week of run time is worth tens of thousands of dollars",[256,745,746,749],{},[60,747,748],{},"Deep cavities"," — the superheater bundles are tall and bafflingly inaccessible to short-throw cleaning",[56,751,752,753,755,756,760],{},"Both conventional ",[65,754,717],{"href":218}," at 60–125 Hz and ",[65,757,759],{"href":758},"\u002Fglossary\u002Finfrasonic-cleaner","infrasonic cleaners"," below 30 Hz are deployed on recovery boilers. Major OEM aftermarket teams (ANDRITZ, Valmet, Babcock & Wilcox Vølund) all integrate acoustic cleaning into their service portfolios.",[88,762,764],{"id":763},"other-applications-inside-the-recovery-island","Other applications inside the recovery island",[253,766,767,773,779,789],{},[256,768,769,772],{},[60,770,771],{},"ESP hoppers"," — sodium-rich fly-ash bridging",[256,774,775,778],{},[60,776,777],{},"Economiser pluggage"," — salt-cake build-up on tube bundles",[256,780,781,784,785],{},[60,782,783],{},"Lime kiln preheater"," — see ",[65,786,788],{"href":787},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flime-kiln","lime kiln",[256,790,791,794],{},[60,792,793],{},"Smelt dissolving tank"," vent stack — sodium-fume build-up",[88,796,798],{"id":797},"safety","Safety",[56,800,801,802,806],{},"Recovery-boiler operations are governed by ",[65,803,805],{"href":804},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fblrbac","BLRBAC"," Recommended Good Practices. Any cleaning intervention — including acoustic — is reviewed against BLRBAC water-side-incident and emergency-shutdown protocols.",[88,808,251],{"id":250},[253,810,811,815,820,824,828,833,837,841],{},[256,812,813],{},[65,814,47],{"href":295},[256,816,817],{},[65,818,819],{"href":731},"Generating bank",[256,821,822],{},[65,823,429],{"href":227},[256,825,826],{},[65,827,278],{"href":223},[256,829,830],{},[65,831,832],{"href":741},"Chill-and-blow",[256,834,835],{},[65,836,805],{"href":804},[256,838,839],{},[65,840,283],{"href":218},[256,842,843],{},[65,844,845],{"href":758},"Infrasonic cleaner",{"title":285,"searchDepth":286,"depth":286,"links":847},[848,849,850,851],{"id":710,"depth":286,"text":711},{"id":763,"depth":286,"text":764},{"id":797,"depth":286,"text":798},{"id":250,"depth":286,"text":251},"A recovery boiler (also kraft recovery boiler, black-liquor recovery boiler, or BLRB) is a unique industrial boiler at the centre of every kraft pulp mill. It burns concentrated black liquor — the spent cooking-chemicals stream — to generate steam, electrical power and to recover the sodium and sulphur compounds that re-enter the pulping cycle as smelt. Recovery boilers are large, complex, expensive and irreplaceable to mill operation.",{},[62,732,302,224,742,855,304,856],"blrbac","infrasonic-cleaner",{"title":858,"description":859},"Recovery boiler — kraft pulp mill steam-and-chemicals plant","A recovery boiler burns kraft black liquor to generate steam, electrical power and recovered pulping chemicals. Iconic application for sonic horns on superheater cleaning.",[861,864],{"title":862,"url":863},"Wikipedia — Recovery boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRecovery_boiler",{"title":865,"url":866},"BLRBAC — Recovery Boilers in Service","https:\u002F\u002Fblrbac.net\u002Frecovery-boilers-in-service\u002F","glossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","mXzBGZ7hSMEgl58wabmRAArKMR06mHldZvB1HJLRt0g",{"id":870,"title":273,"aliases":871,"body":875,"category":62,"description":988,"extension":292,"meta":989,"navigation":294,"path":272,"relatedTerms":990,"seo":994,"sources":997,"stem":1001,"term":273,"__hash__":1002},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaterwall.md",[872,873,874],"water wall","membrane wall","furnace wall",{"type":53,"value":876,"toc":981},[877,888,892,895,899,907,911,916,942,946,953,955],[56,878,879,882,883,887],{},[60,880,881],{},"Waterwalls"," are panels of vertical evaporator tubes welded into a gas-tight membrane that line the ",[65,884,886],{"href":885},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffurnace","furnace"," walls of an industrial boiler. They absorb the radiant heat of the burning fuel and produce most of the boiler's steam.",[88,889,891],{"id":890},"construction","Construction",[56,893,894],{},"Adjacent tubes are connected by a thin steel fin running their full length, forming a continuous gas-tight pressure boundary. Tube diameters are typically 38–63 mm, on 50–80 mm pitches. Wall sections can be hung from headers above (suspension waterwalls) or supported from below (sit-on).",[88,896,898],{"id":897},"fouling-slag-not-ash","Fouling: slag, not ash",[56,900,901,902,906],{},"Furnace temperatures and radiant heat transfer mean that any ash that hits the waterwall is partly molten. Cooled rapidly against the tube wall, it solidifies as ",[65,903,905],{"href":904},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fslagging","slag",". Slag is hard, bonded, and grows in characteristic patterns: thicker near burner clusters, thinner in cold corners.",[88,908,910],{"id":909},"cleaning-waterwalls","Cleaning waterwalls",[56,912,913,915],{},[65,914,219],{"href":218}," are not effective on hard furnace slag — the deposit is too well-bonded for acoustic energy to dislodge. The standard cleaning tools are:",[253,917,918,927,933],{},[256,919,920,926],{},[60,921,922],{},[65,923,925],{"href":924},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwater-cannon","Water cannons"," — high-pressure water lances mounted on the waterwall, fired at specific tube sections",[256,928,929,932],{},[60,930,931],{},"Wall blowers"," — short retract sootblowers with multiple nozzles",[256,934,935,941],{},[60,936,937],{},[65,938,940],{"href":939},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fexplosive-deslagging","Explosive deslagging"," — periodic shock cleaning for severe build-up",[88,943,945],{"id":944},"tube-failures-on-waterwalls","Tube failures on waterwalls",[56,947,948,952],{},[65,949,951],{"href":950},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftube-erosion-tube-wastage","Tube erosion"," and tube wastage on waterwalls are the leading cause of forced outages on coal-fired and biomass boilers. Mitigation is largely combustion-control rather than cleaning, but excessive aggressive cleaning (especially water cannons) contributes to thermal-fatigue cracking.",[88,954,251],{"id":250},[253,956,957,961,966,971,976],{},[256,958,959],{},[65,960,47],{"href":295},[256,962,963],{},[65,964,965],{"href":885},"Furnace",[256,967,968],{},[65,969,970],{"href":904},"Slagging",[256,972,973],{},[65,974,975],{"href":950},"Tube erosion \u002F tube wastage",[256,977,978],{},[65,979,980],{"href":924},"Water cannon",{"title":285,"searchDepth":286,"depth":286,"links":982},[983,984,985,986,987],{"id":890,"depth":286,"text":891},{"id":897,"depth":286,"text":898},{"id":909,"depth":286,"text":910},{"id":944,"depth":286,"text":945},{"id":250,"depth":286,"text":251},"Waterwalls are panels of vertical evaporator tubes welded into a gas-tight membrane that line the furnace walls of an industrial boiler. They absorb the radiant heat of the burning fuel and produce most of the boiler's steam.",{},[62,886,991,992,993],"slagging","tube-erosion-tube-wastage","water-cannon",{"title":995,"description":996},"Waterwall — tube panels lining the furnace of a boiler","Waterwalls are panels of vertical evaporator tubes welded into a gas-tight membrane that line the furnace. They absorb radiant heat and produce most of the boiler's steam.",[998],{"title":999,"url":1000},"Wikipedia — Water-tube boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWater-tube_boiler","glossary\u002Fwaterwall","rkJ624Wtxzhq9pJlFII6R5mMnwza1b97OTUWYv_7eng",{"id":1004,"title":278,"aliases":1005,"body":1008,"category":62,"description":1111,"extension":292,"meta":1112,"navigation":294,"path":223,"relatedTerms":1113,"seo":1116,"sources":1119,"stem":1123,"term":278,"__hash__":1124},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser.md",[1006,1007],"economizer","feedwater economiser",{"type":53,"value":1009,"toc":1105},[1010,1029,1031,1034,1051,1054,1058,1063,1067,1075,1077],[56,1011,1012,1013,1015,1016,1020,1021,1023,1024,1026,1027,86],{},"An ",[60,1014,224],{}," is the tube bank in a boiler's ",[65,1017,1019],{"href":1018},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fconvective-pass-backpass","convective pass"," that recovers residual heat from the flue gas by preheating boiler feedwater. It sits downstream of the ",[65,1022,232],{"href":231}," and upstream of the ",[65,1025,236],{"href":235},"; economiser performance directly affects boiler ",[65,1028,246],{"href":245},[88,1030,637],{"id":636},[56,1032,1033],{},"Two failure modes dominate:",[253,1035,1036,1042],{},[256,1037,1038,1041],{},[60,1039,1040],{},"Ash bridging"," between tubes — gas can no longer pass freely; ΔP across the economiser rises",[256,1043,1044,1050],{},[60,1045,1046],{},[65,1047,1049],{"href":1048},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flarge-particle-ash","Large-particle ash"," dropping out of the gas stream onto economiser hoppers — bridges and pluggage in the hopper itself",[56,1052,1053],{},"The first reduces gas-side heat transfer and forces gas channelling around the blocked area; the second causes hopper extraction to fail and back-pressures the gas path.",[88,1055,1057],{"id":1056},"sonic-horn-duty","Sonic-horn duty",[56,1059,1060,1062],{},[65,1061,219],{"href":218}," mounted on the economiser shell and hopper are particularly effective because economiser deposits are dry, friable and respond well to acoustic dislodging. Plants commonly report 1–2% boiler-efficiency recovery after horn installation on heavily-fouled economisers.",[88,1064,1066],{"id":1065},"economiser-scr-adjacency","Economiser-SCR adjacency",[56,1068,1069,1070,1074],{},"On units with an upstream ",[65,1071,1073],{"href":1072},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-dust-low-dust-tail-end-scr","high-dust SCR",", the economiser receives the same large-particle ash that the SCR is designed against. LPA screens between SCR and economiser are common; sonic horns help keep both surfaces clean.",[88,1076,251],{"id":250},[253,1078,1079,1083,1088,1092,1097,1101],{},[256,1080,1081],{},[65,1082,47],{"href":295},[256,1084,1085],{},[65,1086,1087],{"href":1018},"Convective pass \u002F backpass",[256,1089,1090],{},[65,1091,429],{"href":227},[256,1093,1094],{},[65,1095,1096],{"href":235},"Air heater",[256,1098,1099],{},[65,1100,1049],{"href":1048},[256,1102,1103],{},[65,1104,283],{"href":218},{"title":285,"searchDepth":286,"depth":286,"links":1106},[1107,1108,1109,1110],{"id":636,"depth":286,"text":637},{"id":1056,"depth":286,"text":1057},{"id":1065,"depth":286,"text":1066},{"id":250,"depth":286,"text":251},"An economiser is the tube bank in a boiler's convective pass that recovers residual heat from the flue gas by preheating boiler feedwater. It sits downstream of the reheater and upstream of the air heater; economiser performance directly affects boiler heat rate.",{},[62,1114,302,303,1115,304],"convective-pass-backpass","large-particle-ash",{"title":1117,"description":1118},"Economiser — final tube bank that preheats feedwater with flue-gas heat","An economiser is the final tube bank in a boiler's convective pass that recovers heat from the flue gas by preheating feedwater. Ash bridging in the economiser is a routine cleaning challenge.",[1120],{"title":1121,"url":1122},"Wikipedia — Economizer","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FEconomizer","glossary\u002Feconomiser","kh4Q3Eo9CNl35_b843VUXSI8fDZuiLZqLyB__NSzVH4",{"id":1126,"title":429,"aliases":1127,"body":1131,"category":62,"description":1247,"extension":292,"meta":1248,"navigation":294,"path":227,"relatedTerms":1249,"seo":1251,"sources":1254,"stem":1258,"term":429,"__hash__":1259},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater.md",[228,1128,1129,1130],"primary superheater","secondary superheater","finishing superheater",{"type":53,"value":1132,"toc":1242},[1133,1141,1143,1174,1178,1186,1208,1211,1213],[56,1134,58,1135,1137,1138,1140],{},[60,1136,302],{}," is a tube bank in a boiler's ",[65,1139,1019],{"href":1018}," that raises the steam temperature beyond its saturation point using residual heat from the flue gas. Most utility boilers have at least two superheater stages: a primary superheater (cooler gas) and a secondary or finishing superheater (closest to the furnace, hottest gas).",[88,1142,637],{"id":636},[253,1144,1145,1155,1160],{},[256,1146,1147,1151,1152,1154],{},[60,1148,1149],{},[65,1150,970],{"href":904}," on the finishing superheater — semi-molten ash from the ",[65,1153,886],{"href":885}," deposits on the hottest tubes",[256,1156,1157,1159],{},[60,1158,381],{}," on the primary superheater — drier deposits that sinter under sustained temperature",[256,1161,1162,1165,1166,69,1168,73,1170,1173],{},[60,1163,1164],{},"Sodium \u002F potassium-rich deposits"," on ",[65,1167,72],{"href":67},[65,1169,68],{"href":67},[65,1171,1172],{"href":76},"recovery boilers"," — sticky, low-melting, aggressive",[88,1175,1177],{"id":1176},"cleaning","Cleaning",[56,1179,1180,1181,73,1183,1185],{},"Steam ",[65,1182,241],{"href":240},[65,1184,717],{"href":218}," work together:",[253,1187,1188,1191,1199],{},[256,1189,1190],{},"Sootblowers attack hard slag on the finishing superheater",[256,1192,1193,1194,1198],{},"Sonic horns (",[65,1195,1197],{"href":1196},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","60–125 Hz",") keep dry ash from consolidating on the primary superheater and convective superheater",[256,1200,1201,1204,1205,1207],{},[65,1202,1203],{"href":758},"Infrasonic cleaners"," below 30 Hz are used on deep ",[65,1206,300],{"href":76}," superheater cavities",[56,1209,1210],{},"The combination extends the interval between major water-washes and reduces steam-attemperation requirements that mask deteriorating heat transfer.",[88,1212,251],{"id":250},[253,1214,1215,1219,1223,1228,1232,1236],{},[256,1216,1217],{},[65,1218,47],{"href":295},[256,1220,1221],{},[65,1222,1087],{"href":1018},[256,1224,1225],{},[65,1226,1227],{"href":231},"Reheater",[256,1229,1230],{},[65,1231,970],{"href":904},[256,1233,1234],{},[65,1235,283],{"href":218},[256,1237,1238],{},[65,1239,1241],{"href":1240},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",{"title":285,"searchDepth":286,"depth":286,"links":1243},[1244,1245,1246],{"id":636,"depth":286,"text":637},{"id":1176,"depth":286,"text":1177},{"id":250,"depth":286,"text":251},"A superheater is a tube bank in a boiler's convective pass that raises the steam temperature beyond its saturation point using residual heat from the flue gas. Most utility boilers have at least two superheater stages: a primary superheater (cooler gas) and a secondary or finishing superheater (closest to the furnace, hottest gas).",{},[62,1114,232,991,304,1250],"sonic-sootblower",{"title":1252,"description":1253},"Superheater — boiler tube bank that raises steam temperature beyond saturation","A superheater is a tube bank that raises steam temperature beyond the saturation point using flue-gas heat. Sticky alkali ash and slag deposits are the dominant fouling concerns.",[1255],{"title":1256,"url":1257},"Wikipedia — Superheater","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSuperheater","glossary\u002Fsuperheater","hYVXyyVmlWCU3AXfAl0l3YAhHpWty_akkDsBJGC_NDs",{"id":1261,"title":1262,"aliases":1263,"body":1266,"category":62,"description":1417,"extension":292,"meta":1418,"navigation":294,"path":235,"relatedTerms":1419,"seo":1424,"sources":1427,"stem":1431,"term":1096,"__hash__":1432},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-heater.md","Air heater (APH)",[1264,1265,354],"air preheater","APH",{"type":53,"value":1267,"toc":1411},[1268,1279,1283,1326,1330,1339,1369,1373,1379,1381],[56,1269,1012,1270,1272,1273,1275,1276,1278],{},[60,1271,236],{}," — also called an ",[60,1274,1264],{}," (APH) — is the final heat-recovery device in a boiler's ",[65,1277,1019],{"href":1018},", recovering low-grade heat from cooling flue gas to preheat the combustion air. APHs lift overall boiler efficiency by 5–10 percentage points and are critical to heat-rate performance.",[88,1280,1282],{"id":1281},"aph-types","APH types",[93,1284,1285,1294],{},[96,1286,1287],{},[99,1288,1289,1291],{},[102,1290,104],{},[102,1292,1293],{},"Description",[112,1295,1296,1307,1318],{},[99,1297,1298,1304],{},[117,1299,1300],{},[65,1301,1303],{"href":1302},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fljungstrom-air-preheater","Ljungström \u002F regenerative",[117,1305,1306],{},"Rotating matrix of heat-exchange baskets cycling between gas and air sides",[99,1308,1309,1315],{},[117,1310,1311],{},[65,1312,1314],{"href":1313},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftubular-air-preheater","Tubular",[117,1316,1317],{},"Fixed tube bundle with flue gas through tubes, air around them",[99,1319,1320,1323],{},[117,1321,1322],{},"Plate-type",[117,1324,1325],{},"Cross-flow plate exchanger; smaller industrial duty",[88,1327,1329],{"id":1328},"the-cold-end-problem","The cold-end problem",[56,1331,1332,1333,1335,1336,1338],{},"The APH cold end is the coolest point in the flue-gas path before the ",[65,1334,359],{"href":358}," \u002F ",[65,1337,364],{"href":363},". Two related failure modes dominate:",[253,1340,1341,1355],{},[256,1342,1343,1349,1350,1354],{},[60,1344,1345],{},[65,1346,1348],{"href":1347},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fammonium-bisulphate","Ammonium bisulphate (ABS)"," fouling on boilers with upstream ",[65,1351,1353],{"href":1352},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR",": sticky deposits plug Ljungström baskets and tubular APH tubes",[256,1356,1357,1363,1364,1368],{},[60,1358,1359],{},[65,1360,1362],{"href":1361},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcold-end-corrosion-dew-point-corrosion","Cold-end corrosion"," below the ",[65,1365,1367],{"href":1366},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facid-dew-point","acid dew point"," — sulphuric acid condenses and attacks baskets and tubes",[88,1370,1372],{"id":1371},"why-sonic-horns-are-routinely-specified-on-aphs","Why sonic horns are routinely specified on APHs",[56,1374,1375,1376,1378],{},"ABS fouling is the single most common reason plants install ",[65,1377,717],{"href":218}," on the cold end. Continuous low-amplitude vibration prevents ABS from consolidating between water-wash campaigns, extending the campaign interval from quarterly to annual and avoiding capacity-derate excursions.",[88,1380,251],{"id":250},[253,1382,1383,1387,1392,1397,1402,1407],{},[256,1384,1385],{},[65,1386,47],{"href":295},[256,1388,1389],{},[65,1390,1391],{"href":1302},"Ljungström air preheater",[256,1393,1394],{},[65,1395,1396],{"href":1313},"Tubular air preheater",[256,1398,1399],{},[65,1400,1401],{"href":1347},"Ammonium bisulphate",[256,1403,1404],{},[65,1405,1406],{"href":1361},"Cold-end corrosion \u002F dew-point corrosion",[256,1408,1409],{},[65,1410,283],{"href":218},{"title":285,"searchDepth":286,"depth":286,"links":1412},[1413,1414,1415,1416],{"id":1281,"depth":286,"text":1282},{"id":1328,"depth":286,"text":1329},{"id":1371,"depth":286,"text":1372},{"id":250,"depth":286,"text":251},"An air heater — also called an air preheater (APH) — is the final heat-recovery device in a boiler's convective pass, recovering low-grade heat from cooling flue gas to preheat the combustion air. APHs lift overall boiler efficiency by 5–10 percentage points and are critical to heat-rate performance.",{},[62,1420,1421,1422,1423,304],"ljungstrom-air-preheater","tubular-air-preheater","ammonium-bisulphate","cold-end-corrosion-dew-point-corrosion",{"title":1425,"description":1426},"Air heater (APH) — final flue-gas heat-recovery device before the stack","An air heater (also air preheater, APH) recovers low-grade heat from flue gas to preheat combustion air. Cold-end fouling and corrosion are the dominant operational challenges.",[1428],{"title":1429,"url":1430},"Wikipedia — Air preheater","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAir_preheater","glossary\u002Fair-heater","3pBQ2ZyiQ7VOKuf9rxsx43EFarkhgykVhd2amXg0TMY",{"id":1434,"title":283,"aliases":1435,"body":1438,"category":1633,"description":1634,"extension":292,"meta":1635,"navigation":294,"path":218,"relatedTerms":1636,"seo":1642,"sources":1645,"stem":1655,"term":283,"__hash__":1656},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn.md",[717,1436,1437],"sonic cleaning horn","industrial sonic horn",{"type":53,"value":1439,"toc":1626},[1440,1468,1472,1480,1484,1546,1550,1585,1589,1596,1598],[56,1441,58,1442,1445,1446,1450,1451,69,1454,69,1458,69,1461,73,1464,86],{},[60,1443,1444],{},"sonic horn"," is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of ",[65,1447,1449],{"href":1448},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner","acoustic cleaner"," and the default specification for cleaning ",[65,1452,1453],{"href":358},"ESPs",[65,1455,1457],{"href":1456},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffabric-filter","baghouses",[65,1459,1460],{"href":1352},"SCR catalysts",[65,1462,1463],{"href":227},"boiler heat-transfer surfaces",[65,1465,1467],{"href":1466},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","hoppers and silos",[88,1469,1471],{"id":1470},"how-a-sonic-horn-works","How a sonic horn works",[56,1473,1474,1475,1479],{},"Compressed plant air admitted through a ",[65,1476,1478],{"href":1477},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","solenoid valve"," drives a metal diaphragm — typically titanium or 316 stainless — into resonant oscillation at the horn's fundamental frequency. The oscillating pressure field is amplified by an exponential bell horn and projected into the vessel as a near-spherical sound wave. Particulate already deposited on internal surfaces receives an oscillating acceleration that overcomes adhesion; loosened material is then carried out with the gas flow before it can sinter, bridge or bond. Because the cleaning is acoustic and non-contact, the horn can fire while the plant is online without tube erosion, refractory damage or thermal shock.",[88,1481,1483],{"id":1482},"key-parameters","Key parameters",[93,1485,1486,1496],{},[96,1487,1488],{},[99,1489,1490,1493],{},[102,1491,1492],{},"Parameter",[102,1494,1495],{},"Typical range",[112,1497,1498,1506,1514,1522,1530,1538],{},[99,1499,1500,1503],{},[117,1501,1502],{},"Fundamental frequency",[117,1504,1505],{},"60–400 Hz",[99,1507,1508,1511],{},[117,1509,1510],{},"Sound pressure level",[117,1512,1513],{},"140–180 dB",[99,1515,1516,1519],{},[117,1517,1518],{},"Compressed-air consumption",[117,1520,1521],{},"8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin at 4–7 bar",[99,1523,1524,1527],{},[117,1525,1526],{},"Operating temperature (with appropriate materials)",[117,1528,1529],{},"−40 °C to +500 °C",[99,1531,1532,1535],{},[117,1533,1534],{},"Firing cycle",[117,1536,1537],{},"5–15 s burst, repeated every 3–15 minutes",[99,1539,1540,1543],{},[117,1541,1542],{},"Mass",[117,1544,1545],{},"15–60 kg depending on horn size",[88,1547,1549],{"id":1548},"frequency-selection","Frequency selection",[56,1551,1552,1553,69,1557,1560,1561,69,1565,1569,1570,69,1573,1577,1578,73,1581,86],{},"Lower frequencies (60–125 Hz) project longer wavelengths and penetrate further into large open vessels — ",[65,1554,1556],{"href":1555},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","preheater cyclones",[65,1558,1559],{"href":76},"recovery-boiler superheaters",", large ",[65,1562,1564],{"href":1563},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-field-bus-section","ESP fields",[65,1566,1568],{"href":1567},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silos",". Higher frequencies (230–400 Hz) carry more energy per unit volume and suit finer dust loads in ",[65,1571,1572],{"href":1456},"fabric-filter compartments",[65,1574,1576],{"href":1575},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhoneycomb-catalyst","catalyst layers"," and smaller hopper geometries. See ",[65,1579,1580],{"href":1196},"low-frequency acoustic cleaner",[65,1582,1584],{"href":1583},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency acoustic cleaner",[88,1586,1588],{"id":1587},"sonic-horn-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic horn vs steam sootblower",[56,1590,1591,1592,1595],{},"Sonic horns are increasingly specified alongside or in place of ",[65,1593,1594],{"href":240},"steam sootblowers"," because they consume no boiler-grade steam, cause no tube erosion, require almost no moving parts and can fire every few minutes without operator intervention. They are less effective on hard, fused slag than retractable steam lances, so on furnace waterwalls and high-temperature superheaters they typically complement rather than replace mechanical cleaning.",[88,1597,251],{"id":250},[253,1599,1600,1605,1609,1615,1621],{},[256,1601,1602],{},[65,1603,1604],{"href":1448},"Acoustic cleaner",[256,1606,1607],{},[65,1608,1241],{"href":1240},[256,1610,1611],{},[65,1612,1614],{"href":1613},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbell-horn","Bell horn",[256,1616,1617],{},[65,1618,1620],{"href":1619},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","Diaphragm horn",[256,1622,1623],{},[65,1624,1625],{"href":1196},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner",{"title":285,"searchDepth":286,"depth":286,"links":1627},[1628,1629,1630,1631,1632],{"id":1470,"depth":286,"text":1471},{"id":1482,"depth":286,"text":1483},{"id":1548,"depth":286,"text":1549},{"id":1587,"depth":286,"text":1588},{"id":250,"depth":286,"text":251},"core-technology","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of acoustic cleaner and the default specification for cleaning ESPs, baghouses, SCR catalysts, boiler heat-transfer surfaces and hoppers and silos.",{},[1637,1638,1250,1639,1640,1641],"acoustic-cleaner","acoustic-cleaning-system","bell-horn","diaphragm-horn","low-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":1643,"description":1644},"Sonic horn — definition, frequency, SPL and industrial applications","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven low-frequency sound emitter (typically 60–400 Hz at 140–180 dB SPL) used to dislodge particulate fouling from boilers, ESPs, baghouses and process vessels.",[1646,1649,1652],{"title":1647,"url":1648},"Power Engineering — Sonic Horns: A User's Introduction","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Fsonic-horns-a-userrsquos-introduction\u002F",{"title":1650,"url":1651},"Power Engineering — Tuning in to Acoustic Cleaning","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Ftuning-in-to-acoustic-cleaning\u002F",{"title":1653,"url":1654},"Wikipedia — Sonic soot blowers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSonic_soot_blowers","glossary\u002Fsonic-horn","YzrhN0kKzqSaQo0wfn0rueNZ-V43mcg5zahqeWi3lnU",1782613724389]