[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":964},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:boiler-tube-failure":45,"glossary-related:boiler-tube-failure":259},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":52,"category":240,"description":241,"extension":242,"meta":243,"navigation":244,"path":245,"relatedTerms":246,"seo":250,"sources":253,"stem":257,"term":47,"__hash__":258},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler-tube-failure.md","Boiler tube failure",[49,50,51],"BTF","boiler tube failures","tube leak",{"type":53,"value":54,"toc":233},"minimark",[55,63,68,173,177,180,205,209],[56,57,58,62],"p",{},[59,60,61],"strong",{},"Boiler tube failure (BTF)"," is the leading cause of forced outages on industrial and utility boilers worldwide. A single tube leak in a high-pressure section requires immediate shutdown for safety and repair, with outage costs running into millions of dollars on a large utility unit.",[64,65,67],"h2",{"id":66},"common-btf-mechanisms","Common BTF mechanisms",[69,70,71,84],"table",{},[72,73,74],"thead",{},[75,76,77,81],"tr",{},[78,79,80],"th",{},"Mechanism",[78,82,83],{},"Typical location",[85,86,87,106,118,134,142,157,165],"tbody",{},[75,88,89,93],{},[90,91,92],"td",{},"Long-term overheating \u002F creep",[90,94,95,96,101,102],{},"Finishing ",[97,98,100],"a",{"href":99},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","superheater",", ",[97,103,105],{"href":104},"\u002Fglossary\u002Freheater","reheater",[75,107,108,111],{},[90,109,110],{},"Short-term overheating",[90,112,113,117],{},[97,114,116],{"href":115},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaterwall","Waterwall"," at burner clusters",[75,119,120,123],{},[90,121,122],{},"Fly-ash erosion",[90,124,125,101,129,133],{},[97,126,128],{"href":127},"\u002Fglossary\u002Feconomiser","Economiser",[97,130,132],{"href":131},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fconvective-pass-backpass","convective-pass"," tubes",[75,135,136,139],{},[90,137,138],{},"Sootblower erosion",[90,140,141],{},"Tube banks near sootblower lances",[75,143,144,150],{},[90,145,146],{},[97,147,149],{"href":148},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcold-end-corrosion-dew-point-corrosion","Cold-end corrosion",[90,151,152,156],{},[97,153,155],{"href":154},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-heater","Air heater",", economiser cold end",[75,158,159,162],{},[90,160,161],{},"Hydrogen damage",[90,163,164],{},"High-heat-flux waterwalls",[75,166,167,170],{},[90,168,169],{},"Stress-corrosion cracking",[90,171,172],{},"Cycling units, austenitic superheaters",[64,174,176],{"id":175},"cleaning-practices-and-btf","Cleaning practices and BTF",[56,178,179],{},"Cleaning choices contribute directly to several BTF mechanisms:",[181,182,183,190,196],"ul",{},[184,185,186,189],"li",{},[59,187,188],{},"Steam sootblower erosion"," is a documented cause of premature tube failure where lance alignment is poor or sootblowers fire too often",[184,191,192,195],{},[59,193,194],{},"Water-cannon thermal shock"," can crack tubes at the impingement zone",[184,197,198,204],{},[59,199,200],{},[97,201,203],{"href":202},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horns"," carry no documented BTF mechanism because they apply no contact force; this is a routinely-cited reason for their adoption as a complement to (or partial replacement of) steam sootblowing on fouling-prone surfaces",[64,206,208],{"id":207},"related-terms","Related terms",[181,210,211,217,223,228],{},[184,212,213],{},[97,214,216],{"href":215},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler","Boiler",[184,218,219],{},[97,220,222],{"href":221},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftube-erosion-tube-wastage","Tube erosion \u002F tube wastage",[184,224,225],{},[97,226,227],{"href":148},"Cold-end corrosion \u002F dew-point corrosion",[184,229,230],{},[97,231,232],{"href":202},"Sonic horn",{"title":234,"searchDepth":235,"depth":235,"links":236},"",2,[237,238,239],{"id":66,"depth":235,"text":67},{"id":175,"depth":235,"text":176},{"id":207,"depth":235,"text":208},"boiler","Boiler tube failure (BTF) is the leading cause of forced outages on industrial and utility boilers worldwide. A single tube leak in a high-pressure section requires immediate shutdown for safety and repair, with outage costs running into millions of dollars on a large utility unit.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler-tube-failure",[240,247,248,249],"tube-erosion-tube-wastage","cold-end-corrosion-dew-point-corrosion","sonic-horn",{"title":251,"description":252},"Boiler tube failure (BTF) — the leading cause of forced outages","Boiler tube failures are the leading cause of forced outages on industrial boilers. Causes range from creep and erosion to corrosion and overheating; cleaning practices contribute to several.",[254],{"title":255,"url":256},"POWER Magazine — Update: Benchmarking Boiler Tube Failures","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.powermag.com\u002Fupdate-benchmarking-boiler-tube-failures\u002F","glossary\u002Fboiler-tube-failure","jq0c2DsvoMFC7DUtwu56JbaA7p6hOAIN2NlQIGiTahk",[260,496,612,733],{"id":261,"title":216,"aliases":262,"body":266,"category":240,"description":475,"extension":242,"meta":476,"navigation":244,"path":215,"relatedTerms":477,"seo":484,"sources":487,"stem":494,"term":216,"__hash__":495},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler.md",[263,264,265],"industrial boiler","utility boiler","steam generator",{"type":53,"value":267,"toc":470},[268,295,299,411,415,442,444],[56,269,270,271,273,274,101,278,281,282,286,287,281,291,294],{},"A ",[59,272,240],{}," is a closed vessel in which fuel chemical energy is converted to steam by transferring heat into water flowing through tube banks. Industrial and utility boilers serve electricity generation, district heating, process steam, ",[97,275,277],{"href":276},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","WtE",[97,279,280],{"href":276},"biomass"," and ",[97,283,285],{"href":284},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","pulp-and-paper"," operations. All of them foul; the only variables are ",[288,289,290],"em",{},"how much",[288,292,293],{},"with what",".",[64,296,298],{"id":297},"boiler-families","Boiler families",[69,300,301,314],{},[72,302,303],{},[75,304,305,308,311],{},[78,306,307],{},"Type",[78,309,310],{},"Fuel",[78,312,313],{},"Notes",[85,315,316,330,344,358,371,385,396],{},[75,317,318,324,327],{},[90,319,320],{},[97,321,323],{"href":322},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpc-boiler","PC boiler",[90,325,326],{},"Pulverised coal",[90,328,329],{},"Dominant utility design",[75,331,332,338,341],{},[90,333,334],{},[97,335,337],{"href":336},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcfb-boiler","CFB boiler",[90,339,340],{},"Coal, biomass, RDF, lignite",[90,342,343],{},"Tolerates wider fuel range; lower NOx",[75,345,346,352,355],{},[90,347,348],{},[97,349,351],{"href":350},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbfb-boiler","BFB boiler",[90,353,354],{},"Biomass, sludge, low-grade fuels",[90,356,357],{},"Bubbling fluidised bed",[75,359,360,365,368],{},[90,361,362],{},[97,363,364],{"href":284},"Recovery boiler",[90,366,367],{},"Black liquor (kraft pulp mills)",[90,369,370],{},"Combines chemicals recovery with steam",[75,372,373,379,382],{},[90,374,375],{},[97,376,378],{"href":377},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhog-fuel-boiler-bark-boiler","Hog-fuel boiler",[90,380,381],{},"Wood waste, bark",[90,383,384],{},"Common at pulp mills as side boilers",[75,386,387,390,393],{},[90,388,389],{},"Gas \u002F oil boiler",[90,391,392],{},"Natural gas, fuel oil",[90,394,395],{},"Lower particulate, less fouling",[75,397,398,401,404],{},[90,399,400],{},"HRSG",[90,402,403],{},"Gas-turbine exhaust",[90,405,406,407],{},"See ",[97,408,410],{"href":409},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-recovery-steam-generator","heat-recovery steam generator",[64,412,414],{"id":413},"where-sonic-horns-sit","Where sonic horns sit",[56,416,417,419,420,101,423,101,426,281,428,431,432,436,437,441],{},[97,418,203],{"href":202}," installed across the convective pass — between ",[97,421,422],{"href":127},"economiser",[97,424,425],{"href":99},"superheaters",[97,427,105],{"href":104},[97,429,430],{"href":154},"air heater"," — dislodge ash and soot continuously, supplementing or partially replacing steam ",[97,433,435],{"href":434},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","sootblowers",". The benefit shows up as ",[97,438,440],{"href":439},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-rate","heat rate"," recovery, deferred outages and longer intervals between water washes.",[64,443,208],{"id":207},[181,445,446,450,454,458,462,466],{},[184,447,448],{},[97,449,323],{"href":322},[184,451,452],{},[97,453,337],{"href":336},[184,455,456],{},[97,457,364],{"href":284},[184,459,460],{},[97,461,116],{"href":115},[184,463,464],{},[97,465,128],{"href":127},[184,467,468],{},[97,469,232],{"href":202},{"title":234,"searchDepth":235,"depth":235,"links":471},[472,473,474],{"id":297,"depth":235,"text":298},{"id":413,"depth":235,"text":414},{"id":207,"depth":235,"text":208},"A boiler is a closed vessel in which fuel chemical energy is converted to steam by transferring heat into water flowing through tube banks. Industrial and utility boilers serve electricity generation, district heating, process steam, WtE, biomass and pulp-and-paper operations. All of them foul; the only variables are how much and with what.",{},[478,479,480,481,482,422,100,483,249],"pc-boiler","cfb-boiler","bfb-boiler","recovery-boiler","waterwall","air-heater",{"title":485,"description":486},"Boiler — industrial steam generator types and acoustic-cleaning needs","A boiler is a vessel that converts fuel chemical energy into steam by heating water. Coal-fired, biomass, oil, gas and recovery boilers all foul; sonic horns clean heat-transfer surfaces.",[488,491],{"title":489,"url":490},"Wikipedia — Boiler","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBoiler",{"title":492,"url":493},"Babcock & Wilcox — Sootblower and Boiler Cleaning Terminology","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.babcock.com\u002Fhome\u002Fabout\u002Fresources\u002Flearning-center\u002Fsootblower-and-boiler-cleaning-terminology-principles-and-applications","glossary\u002Fboiler","pamAnZGo_UeIedDHhYrfv0nP3GCXkNTGi0a197n4b5Q",{"id":497,"title":222,"aliases":498,"body":502,"category":240,"description":599,"extension":242,"meta":600,"navigation":244,"path":221,"relatedTerms":601,"seo":604,"sources":607,"stem":609,"term":610,"__hash__":611},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Ftube-erosion-tube-wastage.md",[499,500,501],"tube erosion","tube wastage","fly-ash erosion",{"type":53,"value":503,"toc":593},[504,516,520,541,545,559,563,568,570],[56,505,506,509,510,512,513,294],{},[59,507,508],{},"Tube erosion"," (also ",[288,511,500],{},") is the gradual thinning of boiler tube walls by repeated mechanical impact from particulate or by steam-jet impingement. Continued erosion eventually thins the tube below its design pressure rating, triggering ",[97,514,515],{"href":245},"boiler tube failure (BTF)",[64,517,519],{"id":518},"two-main-mechanisms","Two main mechanisms",[181,521,522,531],{},[184,523,524,526,527,530],{},[59,525,122],{}," — abrasive ash particles continuously impact tube surfaces, particularly in high-velocity sections of the ",[97,528,529],{"href":131},"convective pass"," and economiser. Worst on units burning high-ash coals",[184,532,533,535,536,540],{},[59,534,138],{}," — steam jets from poorly-aligned ",[97,537,539],{"href":538},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fik-long-retract-sootblower","IK or IR sootblowers"," directly impinge on adjacent tubes, thinning them at the impingement zone",[64,542,544],{"id":543},"mitigation","Mitigation",[181,546,547,550,553,556],{},[184,548,549],{},"Flow-shielding (chord plates, dummy tubes)",[184,551,552],{},"Ash-load reduction (selective fuel blending, pre-cyclone removal)",[184,554,555],{},"Sootblower lance alignment audits and re-aiming",[184,557,558],{},"Coatings (HVOF, thermal-spray) on the most exposed tubes",[64,560,562],{"id":561},"sonic-horns-and-erosion","Sonic horns and erosion",[56,564,565,567],{},[97,566,203],{"href":202}," contribute zero mechanical erosion because they apply no contact force and no high-velocity jet. Plants that have suffered repeated sootblower-erosion BTF often retrofit horns and reduce sootblower duty, slowing the erosion progression.",[64,569,208],{"id":207},[181,571,572,576,580,584,589],{},[184,573,574],{},[97,575,216],{"href":215},[184,577,578],{},[97,579,47],{"href":245},[184,581,582],{},[97,583,128],{"href":127},[184,585,586],{},[97,587,588],{"href":434},"Steam sootblower",[184,590,591],{},[97,592,232],{"href":202},{"title":234,"searchDepth":235,"depth":235,"links":594},[595,596,597,598],{"id":518,"depth":235,"text":519},{"id":543,"depth":235,"text":544},{"id":561,"depth":235,"text":562},{"id":207,"depth":235,"text":208},"Tube erosion (also tube wastage) is the gradual thinning of boiler tube walls by repeated mechanical impact from particulate or by steam-jet impingement. Continued erosion eventually thins the tube below its design pressure rating, triggering boiler tube failure (BTF).",{},[240,602,422,603,249],"boiler-tube-failure","steam-sootblower",{"title":605,"description":606},"Tube erosion and tube wastage — thinning of boiler tubes by particulate impact","Tube erosion is the gradual thinning of boiler tubes by fly-ash impact and sootblower steam jets. Both are documented mechanisms of boiler tube failure.",[608],{"title":255,"url":256},"glossary\u002Ftube-erosion-tube-wastage","Tube erosion and tube wastage","SwfphESr4oNYEc_j53NH4Y5ui6UvKyUR7JSEfQfKAZQ",{"id":613,"title":227,"aliases":614,"body":618,"category":240,"description":718,"extension":242,"meta":719,"navigation":244,"path":148,"relatedTerms":720,"seo":723,"sources":726,"stem":730,"term":731,"__hash__":732},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcold-end-corrosion-dew-point-corrosion.md",[615,616,617],"cold end corrosion","dew point corrosion","sulphuric acid corrosion (boiler)",{"type":53,"value":619,"toc":713},[620,639,643,646,661,664,666,687,689],[56,621,622,509,624,627,628,630,631,633,634,638],{},[59,623,149],{},[288,625,626],{},"dew-point corrosion",") is the attack on boiler ",[97,629,483],{"href":154}," baskets, ",[97,632,422],{"href":127}," tubes and downstream ducting where flue-gas temperature falls below the ",[97,635,637],{"href":636},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facid-dew-point","acid dew point"," of the gas. SO₃ in the flue gas combines with water vapour to form sulphuric acid that condenses on the cooled surfaces and attacks them.",[64,640,642],{"id":641},"the-interplay-with-fouling","The interplay with fouling",[56,644,645],{},"Cold-end corrosion and fouling reinforce each other:",[181,647,648,651,654],{},[184,649,650],{},"Condensed acid bonds dust to surfaces — fouling consolidates faster",[184,652,653],{},"Fouled tubes run cooler than design — more acid condenses",[184,655,656,660],{},[97,657,659],{"href":658},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fammonium-bisulphate","Ammonium bisulphate (ABS)"," deposits accelerate both processes",[56,662,663],{},"The result is a self-feeding cycle: a unit that begins to foul typically also begins to corrode, and both worsen until the cold end is water-washed or rebuilt.",[64,665,544],{"id":543},[181,667,668,673,676,679,682],{},[184,669,670,671],{},"Maintain cold-end metal temperature above the ",[97,672,637],{"href":636},[184,674,675],{},"Manage fuel sulphur and SCR SO₂\u002FSO₃ conversion",[184,677,678],{},"Use corrosion-resistant materials (Cor-Ten, enamel-coated baskets) at the cold end",[184,680,681],{},"Periodic water-washing of cold-end baskets and tubes",[184,683,684,686],{},[97,685,203],{"href":202}," to keep deposits from consolidating",[64,688,208],{"id":207},[181,690,691,695,699,704,709],{},[184,692,693],{},[97,694,155],{"href":154},[184,696,697],{},[97,698,128],{"href":127},[184,700,701],{},[97,702,703],{"href":658},"Ammonium bisulphate",[184,705,706],{},[97,707,708],{"href":636},"Acid dew point",[184,710,711],{},[97,712,47],{"href":245},{"title":234,"searchDepth":235,"depth":235,"links":714},[715,716,717],{"id":641,"depth":235,"text":642},{"id":543,"depth":235,"text":544},{"id":207,"depth":235,"text":208},"Cold-end corrosion (also dew-point corrosion) is the attack on boiler air-heater baskets, economiser tubes and downstream ducting where flue-gas temperature falls below the acid dew point of the gas. SO₃ in the flue gas combines with water vapour to form sulphuric acid that condenses on the cooled surfaces and attacks them.",{},[483,422,721,722,602],"ammonium-bisulphate","acid-dew-point",{"title":724,"description":725},"Cold-end corrosion — sulphuric-acid attack at the boiler's coolest point","Cold-end corrosion is the attack on air-heater and economiser surfaces below the acid dew point, where SO3 condenses as sulphuric acid. The leading cold-end failure mechanism.",[727],{"title":728,"url":729},"POWER Magazine — SO3's impacts on plant O&M","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.powermag.com\u002Fso3s-impacts-on-plant-om-part-ii\u002F","glossary\u002Fcold-end-corrosion-dew-point-corrosion","Cold-end corrosion and dew-point corrosion","IO_wdcX5SRjrSEY4SMku6RmkWNHXkuMTmeI4uHpz1dI",{"id":734,"title":232,"aliases":735,"body":739,"category":939,"description":940,"extension":242,"meta":941,"navigation":244,"path":202,"relatedTerms":942,"seo":949,"sources":952,"stem":962,"term":232,"__hash__":963},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn.md",[736,737,738],"sonic horns","sonic cleaning horn","industrial sonic horn",{"type":53,"value":740,"toc":932},[741,771,775,783,787,849,853,889,893,900,902],[56,742,270,743,746,747,751,752,101,756,101,760,101,764,281,767,294],{},[59,744,745],{},"sonic horn"," is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of ",[97,748,750],{"href":749},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner","acoustic cleaner"," and the default specification for cleaning ",[97,753,755],{"href":754},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESPs",[97,757,759],{"href":758},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffabric-filter","baghouses",[97,761,763],{"href":762},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR catalysts",[97,765,766],{"href":99},"boiler heat-transfer surfaces",[97,768,770],{"href":769},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","hoppers and silos",[64,772,774],{"id":773},"how-a-sonic-horn-works","How a sonic horn works",[56,776,777,778,782],{},"Compressed plant air admitted through a ",[97,779,781],{"href":780},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","solenoid valve"," drives a metal diaphragm — typically titanium or 316 stainless — into resonant oscillation at the horn's fundamental frequency. The oscillating pressure field is amplified by an exponential bell horn and projected into the vessel as a near-spherical sound wave. Particulate already deposited on internal surfaces receives an oscillating acceleration that overcomes adhesion; loosened material is then carried out with the gas flow before it can sinter, bridge or bond. Because the cleaning is acoustic and non-contact, the horn can fire while the plant is online without tube erosion, refractory damage or thermal shock.",[64,784,786],{"id":785},"key-parameters","Key parameters",[69,788,789,799],{},[72,790,791],{},[75,792,793,796],{},[78,794,795],{},"Parameter",[78,797,798],{},"Typical range",[85,800,801,809,817,825,833,841],{},[75,802,803,806],{},[90,804,805],{},"Fundamental frequency",[90,807,808],{},"60–400 Hz",[75,810,811,814],{},[90,812,813],{},"Sound pressure level",[90,815,816],{},"140–180 dB",[75,818,819,822],{},[90,820,821],{},"Compressed-air consumption",[90,823,824],{},"8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin at 4–7 bar",[75,826,827,830],{},[90,828,829],{},"Operating temperature (with appropriate materials)",[90,831,832],{},"−40 °C to +500 °C",[75,834,835,838],{},[90,836,837],{},"Firing cycle",[90,839,840],{},"5–15 s burst, repeated every 3–15 minutes",[75,842,843,846],{},[90,844,845],{},"Mass",[90,847,848],{},"15–60 kg depending on horn size",[64,850,852],{"id":851},"frequency-selection","Frequency selection",[56,854,855,856,101,860,863,864,101,868,872,873,101,876,880,881,281,885,294],{},"Lower frequencies (60–125 Hz) project longer wavelengths and penetrate further into large open vessels — ",[97,857,859],{"href":858},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","preheater cyclones",[97,861,862],{"href":284},"recovery-boiler superheaters",", large ",[97,865,867],{"href":866},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-field-bus-section","ESP fields",[97,869,871],{"href":870},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silos",". Higher frequencies (230–400 Hz) carry more energy per unit volume and suit finer dust loads in ",[97,874,875],{"href":758},"fabric-filter compartments",[97,877,879],{"href":878},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhoneycomb-catalyst","catalyst layers"," and smaller hopper geometries. See ",[97,882,884],{"href":883},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","low-frequency acoustic cleaner",[97,886,888],{"href":887},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency acoustic cleaner",[64,890,892],{"id":891},"sonic-horn-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic horn vs steam sootblower",[56,894,895,896,899],{},"Sonic horns are increasingly specified alongside or in place of ",[97,897,898],{"href":434},"steam sootblowers"," because they consume no boiler-grade steam, cause no tube erosion, require almost no moving parts and can fire every few minutes without operator intervention. They are less effective on hard, fused slag than retractable steam lances, so on furnace waterwalls and high-temperature superheaters they typically complement rather than replace mechanical cleaning.",[64,901,208],{"id":207},[181,903,904,909,915,921,927],{},[184,905,906],{},[97,907,908],{"href":749},"Acoustic cleaner",[184,910,911],{},[97,912,914],{"href":913},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",[184,916,917],{},[97,918,920],{"href":919},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbell-horn","Bell horn",[184,922,923],{},[97,924,926],{"href":925},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","Diaphragm horn",[184,928,929],{},[97,930,931],{"href":883},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner",{"title":234,"searchDepth":235,"depth":235,"links":933},[934,935,936,937,938],{"id":773,"depth":235,"text":774},{"id":785,"depth":235,"text":786},{"id":851,"depth":235,"text":852},{"id":891,"depth":235,"text":892},{"id":207,"depth":235,"text":208},"core-technology","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of acoustic cleaner and the default specification for cleaning ESPs, baghouses, SCR catalysts, boiler heat-transfer surfaces and hoppers and silos.",{},[943,944,945,946,947,948],"acoustic-cleaner","acoustic-cleaning-system","sonic-sootblower","bell-horn","diaphragm-horn","low-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":950,"description":951},"Sonic horn — definition, frequency, SPL and industrial applications","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven low-frequency sound emitter (typically 60–400 Hz at 140–180 dB SPL) used to dislodge particulate fouling from boilers, ESPs, baghouses and process vessels.",[953,956,959],{"title":954,"url":955},"Power Engineering — Sonic Horns: A User's Introduction","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Fsonic-horns-a-userrsquos-introduction\u002F",{"title":957,"url":958},"Power Engineering — Tuning in to Acoustic Cleaning","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Ftuning-in-to-acoustic-cleaning\u002F",{"title":960,"url":961},"Wikipedia — Sonic soot blowers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSonic_soot_blowers","glossary\u002Fsonic-horn","YzrhN0kKzqSaQo0wfn0rueNZ-V43mcg5zahqeWi3lnU",1782613724398]