[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":613},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:availability-factor":45,"glossary-related:availability-factor":217},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":51,"category":198,"description":199,"extension":200,"meta":201,"navigation":202,"path":203,"relatedTerms":204,"seo":208,"sources":211,"stem":215,"term":47,"__hash__":216},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Favailability-factor.md","Availability factor",[49,50],"availability","plant availability",{"type":52,"value":53,"toc":191},"minimark",[54,61,66,145,149,166,170],[55,56,57,60],"p",{},[58,59,47],"strong",{}," is the percentage of total hours in a period (typically a year, 8,760 hours) during which a plant is available to operate, whether or not it actually does. It is calculated as (total period hours − unavailable hours) \u002F total period hours, where \"unavailable\" includes both planned and forced outages.",[62,63,65],"h2",{"id":64},"typical-industrial-availability","Typical industrial availability",[67,68,69,82],"table",{},[70,71,72],"thead",{},[73,74,75,79],"tr",{},[76,77,78],"th",{},"Sector",[76,80,81],{},"Typical availability",[83,84,85,94,102,114,122,134],"tbody",{},[73,86,87,91],{},[88,89,90],"td",{},"Coal-fired utility",[88,92,93],{},"80–88%",[73,95,96,99],{},[88,97,98],{},"Combined-cycle gas turbine",[88,100,101],{},"90–95%",[73,103,104,111],{},[88,105,106],{},[107,108,110],"a",{"href":109},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fwaste-to-energy","Waste-to-energy",[88,112,113],{},"85–92%",[73,115,116,119],{},[88,117,118],{},"Cement plant kiln",[88,120,121],{},"88–94%",[73,123,124,131],{},[88,125,126,127],{},"Refinery ",[107,128,130],{"href":129},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffluid-catalytic-cracking","FCC",[88,132,133],{},"95%+ (4-year turnaround cycle)",[73,135,136,142],{},[88,137,138],{},[107,139,141],{"href":140},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","Pulp mill recovery boiler",[88,143,144],{},"90–96%",[62,146,148],{"id":147},"why-availability-matters","Why availability matters",[55,150,151,152,155,156,160,161,165],{},"Every percentage point of availability translates directly to revenue for a tipping-fee-driven ",[107,153,154],{"href":109},"WtE"," plant, a cement plant constrained by clinker output, or a recovery-boiler-limited pulp mill. Cleaning systems that defer ",[107,157,159],{"href":158},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fforced-outage","forced outages"," are central to availability defence — ",[107,162,164],{"href":163},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","sonic horns"," installed for fouling control protect availability against the most common cleaning-related outage causes.",[62,167,169],{"id":168},"related-terms","Related terms",[171,172,173,180,185],"ul",{},[174,175,176],"li",{},[107,177,179],{"href":178},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcapacity-factor","Capacity factor",[174,181,182],{},[107,183,184],{"href":158},"Forced outage",[174,186,187],{},[107,188,190],{"href":189},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fmtbf","MTBF",{"title":192,"searchDepth":193,"depth":193,"links":194},"",2,[195,196,197],{"id":64,"depth":193,"text":65},{"id":147,"depth":193,"text":148},{"id":168,"depth":193,"text":169},"kpis-measurements","Availability factor is the percentage of total hours in a period (typically a year, 8,760 hours) during which a plant is available to operate, whether or not it actually does. It is calculated as (total period hours − unavailable hours) \u002F total period hours, where \"unavailable\" includes both planned and forced outages.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Favailability-factor",[205,206,207],"capacity-factor","forced-outage","mtbf",{"title":209,"description":210},"Availability factor — percentage of time a plant is available to operate","Availability factor is the percentage of total hours that a plant is available to generate, whether or not it actually does. Distinguishes equipment readiness from market dispatch.",[212],{"title":213,"url":214},"Wikipedia — Availability factor","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAvailability_factor","glossary\u002Favailability-factor","yfvmet8u9_2svfJtk9NnZ2BnFizIXUrDRvQ-TQxm2r8",[218,364,507],{"id":219,"title":179,"aliases":220,"body":223,"category":198,"description":350,"extension":200,"meta":351,"navigation":202,"path":178,"relatedTerms":352,"seo":355,"sources":358,"stem":362,"term":179,"__hash__":363},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcapacity-factor.md",[221,222],"load factor","plant capacity factor",{"type":52,"value":224,"toc":345},[225,233,237,299,303,327,329],[55,226,227,229,230,232],{},[58,228,179],{}," is the actual energy output of a plant divided by the theoretical maximum if it had run at full nameplate continuously over the same period. Capacity factor combines ",[107,231,49],{"href":203}," (the plant's readiness to operate) with market dispatch (whether the plant was actually called upon).",[62,234,236],{"id":235},"typical-values","Typical values",[67,238,239,248],{},[70,240,241],{},[73,242,243,245],{},[76,244,78],{},[76,246,247],{},"Typical capacity factor",[83,249,250,258,266,274,282,291],{},[73,251,252,255],{},[88,253,254],{},"Coal-fired baseload",[88,256,257],{},"50–70% (falling with renewables penetration)",[73,259,260,263],{},[88,261,262],{},"CCGT baseload",[88,264,265],{},"60–75%",[73,267,268,271],{},[88,269,270],{},"CCGT load-following",[88,272,273],{},"30–50%",[73,275,276,279],{},[88,277,278],{},"Peaker plants",[88,280,281],{},"5–15%",[73,283,284,288],{},[88,285,286],{},[107,287,110],{"href":109},[88,289,290],{},"85–92% (close to availability — always dispatched)",[73,292,293,296],{},[88,294,295],{},"Recovery boiler \u002F cement kiln",[88,297,298],{},"88–95% (always dispatched)",[62,300,302],{"id":301},"relationship-to-fouling","Relationship to fouling",[55,304,305,306,308,309,312,313,316,317,321,322,326],{},"For always-dispatched plants (",[107,307,154],{"href":109},", cement, ",[107,310,311],{"href":140},"recovery boiler","), capacity factor approaches availability factor — fouling-driven ",[107,314,315],{"href":158},"outages"," and ",[107,318,320],{"href":319},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fderate-capacity","derates"," translate directly into lost capacity factor. For market-dispatched plants (coal-fired, CCGT), capacity factor depends on market position more than on fouling, but fouling-driven ",[107,323,325],{"href":324},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-rate","heat-rate"," degradation can push the plant down the merit order and reduce dispatched hours indirectly.",[62,328,169],{"id":168},[171,330,331,335,340],{},[174,332,333],{},[107,334,47],{"href":203},[174,336,337],{},[107,338,339],{"href":324},"Heat rate",[174,341,342],{},[107,343,344],{"href":319},"Derate (capacity)",{"title":192,"searchDepth":193,"depth":193,"links":346},[347,348,349],{"id":235,"depth":193,"text":236},{"id":301,"depth":193,"text":302},{"id":168,"depth":193,"text":169},"Capacity factor is the actual energy output of a plant divided by the theoretical maximum if it had run at full nameplate continuously over the same period. Capacity factor combines availability (the plant's readiness to operate) with market dispatch (whether the plant was actually called upon).",{},[353,325,354],"availability-factor","derate-capacity",{"title":356,"description":357},"Capacity factor — actual energy output as percentage of theoretical maximum","Capacity factor is actual energy output divided by theoretical maximum if a plant ran at full nameplate continuously. Combines availability with market dispatch.",[359],{"title":360,"url":361},"Wikipedia — Capacity factor","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCapacity_factor","glossary\u002Fcapacity-factor","KPXEr-TQGJAmTfU3hU4teIYaFCgW7GO9yxnG0SdtueQ",{"id":365,"title":184,"aliases":366,"body":370,"category":492,"description":493,"extension":200,"meta":494,"navigation":202,"path":158,"relatedTerms":495,"seo":498,"sources":501,"stem":505,"term":184,"__hash__":506},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fforced-outage.md",[367,368,369],"unplanned outage","forced shutdown","emergency shutdown",{"type":52,"value":371,"toc":487},[372,384,388,391,417,421,457,463,465],[55,373,374,375,378,379,383],{},"A ",[58,376,377],{},"forced outage"," is an unplanned shutdown of an industrial unit, triggered by equipment failure (typically ",[107,380,382],{"href":381},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fboiler-tube-failure","boiler tube failure",") or by pressure-vessel safety conditions that cannot be tolerated in continued operation. Forced outages are tracked as a percentage of operating hours (forced outage rate, FOR) and contrast with planned outages scheduled in advance.",[62,385,387],{"id":386},"economic-cost","Economic cost",[55,389,390],{},"Forced outages dominate the economic cost of poor cleaning practice:",[171,392,393,399,405,411],{},[174,394,395,398],{},[58,396,397],{},"Coal-fired utility (500 MW)"," — typically $0.5–1.5 million per day of forced outage, depending on power-market price",[174,400,401,404],{},[58,402,403],{},"WtE plant (40 MW + tipping-fee revenue)"," — $0.3–0.7 million per day including lost gate fees",[174,406,407,410],{},[58,408,409],{},"Pulp-mill recovery boiler"," — typically $0.4–1.0 million per day of mill production interruption",[174,412,413,416],{},[58,414,415],{},"Cement plant (5,000 t\u002Fday)"," — $300–600k per day of lost clinker",[62,418,420],{"id":419},"fouling-driven-forced-outages","Fouling-driven forced outages",[171,422,423,430,437,444,450],{},[174,424,425,429],{},[107,426,428],{"href":427},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-hopper","ESP hopper pluggage"," forcing the field offline",[174,431,432,436],{},[107,433,435],{"href":434},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdifferential-pressure-baghouse","Baghouse ΔP"," tripping the ID fan",[174,438,439,443],{},[107,440,442],{"href":441},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fkiln-inlet-ring-snowman","Cement kiln-inlet snowmen"," requiring manual cleaning",[174,445,446,449],{},[107,447,448],{"href":140},"Recovery boiler superheater pluggage"," demanding chill-and-blow",[174,451,452,456],{},[107,453,455],{"href":454},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fheat-recovery-steam-generator","HRSG ΔP"," excursion derating the gas turbine",[55,458,459,462],{},[107,460,461],{"href":163},"Sonic horns"," attack the root cause — early fouling — before it reaches the level that forces outages.",[62,464,169],{"id":168},[171,466,467,472,478,482],{},[174,468,469],{},[107,470,471],{"href":381},"Boiler tube failure",[174,473,474],{},[107,475,477],{"href":476},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffouling","Fouling",[174,479,480],{},[107,481,344],{"href":319},[174,483,484],{},[107,485,486],{"href":163},"Sonic horn",{"title":192,"searchDepth":193,"depth":193,"links":488},[489,490,491],{"id":386,"depth":193,"text":387},{"id":419,"depth":193,"text":420},{"id":168,"depth":193,"text":169},"fouling","A forced outage is an unplanned shutdown of an industrial unit, triggered by equipment failure (typically boiler tube failure) or by pressure-vessel safety conditions that cannot be tolerated in continued operation. Forced outages are tracked as a percentage of operating hours (forced outage rate, FOR) and contrast with planned outages scheduled in advance.",{},[496,492,354,497],"boiler-tube-failure","sonic-horn",{"title":499,"description":500},"Forced outage — unplanned shutdown of an industrial unit","A forced outage is an unplanned shutdown of an industrial unit, typically triggered by equipment failure or pressure-vessel safety conditions. The dominant economic cost of poor cleaning practice.",[502],{"title":503,"url":504},"POWER Magazine — Update: Benchmarking Boiler Tube Failures","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.powermag.com\u002Fupdate-benchmarking-boiler-tube-failures\u002F","glossary\u002Fforced-outage","-h5oCd37HtewUqUSSzf-rNasA7zS77_rdx5umhPLH0Y",{"id":508,"title":509,"aliases":510,"body":512,"category":198,"description":599,"extension":200,"meta":600,"navigation":202,"path":189,"relatedTerms":601,"seo":603,"sources":606,"stem":610,"term":611,"__hash__":612},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fmtbf.md","MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures)",[190,511],"mean time between failures",{"type":52,"value":513,"toc":594},[514,519,523,526,554,558,576,578],[55,515,516,518],{},[58,517,509],{}," is the average operating time between failures of repairable equipment. It is the headline reliability metric for industrial maintenance planning and a standard input to availability calculations.",[62,520,522],{"id":521},"where-mtbf-matters-in-cleaning","Where MTBF matters in cleaning",[55,524,525],{},"Cleaning practice directly affects the MTBF of downstream equipment:",[171,527,528,535,542,549],{},[174,529,530,531],{},"Heavy steam-sootblower use shortens MTBF on the cleaned tubes by accelerating ",[107,532,534],{"href":533},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ftube-erosion-tube-wastage","tube erosion",[174,536,537,541],{},[107,538,540],{"href":539},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-rapper","ESP rapper"," breakage from sustained use shortens MTBF on rapper hardware",[174,543,544,548],{},[107,545,547],{"href":546},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-cannon-air-blaster","Air cannons"," on silos can shorten MTBF on silo welds from fatigue",[174,550,551,553],{},[107,552,461],{"href":163},", being non-contact and low-impact, have minimal MTBF impact on the cleaned equipment",[62,555,557],{"id":556},"sonic-horn-mtbf-itself","Sonic-horn MTBF itself",[55,559,560,561,565,566,570,571,575],{},"Sonic horns are mechanically simple — usually a ",[107,562,564],{"href":563},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","diaphragm"," or piston-whistle driver, a ",[107,567,569],{"href":568},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","solenoid valve",", and the bell horn. Typical MTBF of the horn assembly itself is 3–5 years of continuous duty before ",[107,572,574],{"href":573},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-replacement-sonic-horn","diaphragm replacement",", with broader rebuild intervals beyond.",[62,577,169],{"id":168},[171,579,580,584,588],{},[174,581,582],{},[107,583,47],{"href":203},[174,585,586],{},[107,587,184],{"href":158},[174,589,590],{},[107,591,593],{"href":592},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpredictive-maintenance","Predictive maintenance (PdM)",{"title":192,"searchDepth":193,"depth":193,"links":595},[596,597,598],{"id":521,"depth":193,"text":522},{"id":556,"depth":193,"text":557},{"id":168,"depth":193,"text":169},"MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) is the average operating time between failures of repairable equipment. It is the headline reliability metric for industrial maintenance planning and a standard input to availability calculations.",{},[353,206,602],"predictive-maintenance",{"title":604,"description":605},"MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) — reliability metric for repairable equipment","MTBF is the average time between failures of repairable equipment. The headline reliability metric for industrial maintenance planning.",[607],{"title":608,"url":609},"Wikipedia — Mean time between failures","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMean_time_between_failures","glossary\u002Fmtbf","Mean Time Between Failures","Do5tMo-LwIK5CZgmavKplALqZX1OkNtbqziUF8cfDCs",1782613743740]