[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":620},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-footer-common":3,"glossary:air-receiver-surge-tank":45,"glossary-related:air-receiver-surge-tank":161},{"id":4,"extension":5,"footer":6,"meta":40,"navbar":41,"stem":43,"__hash__":44},"common\u002Fcommon.yml","yml",{"tagline":7,"links":8,"sections":9},"Acoustic cleaning intelligence for industrial fouling, soot, ash, dust and build-up.",[],[10,19,31],{"title":11,"links":12},"Product",[13,16],{"label":14,"to":15},"How it works","\u002F#product",{"label":17,"to":18},"Cost assessment","\u002F#hero",{"title":20,"links":21},"Company",[22,25,28],{"label":23,"to":24},"What we build","\u002F#about",{"label":26,"to":27},"Careers","\u002F#careers",{"label":29,"to":30},"Contact","\u002F#contact",{"title":32,"links":33},"Resources",[34,37],{"label":35,"to":36},"Blog","\u002Fresources\u002Fblog",{"label":38,"to":39},"Glossary","\u002Fglossary",{},{"links":42},[],"common","YocmZRy1AYfBbpgGVms-zhdiABlF8VTxHx6h4rDmZBA",{"id":46,"title":47,"aliases":48,"body":52,"category":142,"description":143,"extension":144,"meta":145,"navigation":146,"path":147,"relatedTerms":148,"seo":151,"sources":154,"stem":158,"term":159,"__hash__":160},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-receiver-surge-tank.md","Air receiver \u002F surge tank",[49,50,51],"air receiver","surge tank","air accumulator",{"type":53,"value":54,"toc":135},"minimark",[55,76,81,93,96,100,113,117],[56,57,58,59,62,63,66,67,69,70,75],"p",{},"An ",[60,61,49],"strong",{}," (also ",[64,65,50],"em",{},", ",[64,68,51],{},") is a pressure vessel installed between the ",[71,72,74],"a",{"href":73},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcompressed-air","compressed-air"," compressor and the air-consuming equipment. The receiver stores compressed air at supply pressure, absorbing the instantaneous demand of pulsed equipment without requiring the compressor itself to track the pulse.",[77,78,80],"h2",{"id":79},"why-it-matters-for-sonic-horn-installations","Why it matters for sonic-horn installations",[56,82,83,87,88,92],{},[71,84,86],{"href":85},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn","Sonic horns"," draw their full rated flow only during the brief firing pulse — typically 5–15 seconds out of every 3–15 minutes. Without an adequately-sized receiver, the supply pressure at the horn would sag during the pulse, reducing ",[71,89,91],{"href":90},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsound-pressure-level","SPL"," by several dB and degrading cleaning effectiveness.",[56,94,95],{},"Sizing rule of thumb: the receiver volume should be at least 10× the horn's pulse-volume consumption, with larger margins on multi-horn arrays where simultaneous firing is possible.",[77,97,99],{"id":98},"common-installation-issues","Common installation issues",[101,102,103,107,110],"ul",{},[104,105,106],"li",{},"Under-sized receiver — horn pressure drops during pulse, SPL falls",[104,108,109],{},"Receiver located too far from horns — pressure drop in piping defeats the buffer",[104,111,112],{},"Shared receiver for sonic horns and other pulse equipment without sufficient margin",[77,114,116],{"id":115},"related-terms","Related terms",[101,118,119,124,129],{},[104,120,121],{},[71,122,123],{"href":73},"Compressed air",[104,125,126],{},[71,127,128],{"href":85},"Sonic horn",[104,130,131],{},[71,132,134],{"href":133},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","Solenoid valve",{"title":136,"searchDepth":137,"depth":137,"links":138},"",2,[139,140,141],{"id":79,"depth":137,"text":80},{"id":98,"depth":137,"text":99},{"id":115,"depth":137,"text":116},"controls-ancillaries","An air receiver (also surge tank, air accumulator) is a pressure vessel installed between the compressed-air compressor and the air-consuming equipment. The receiver stores compressed air at supply pressure, absorbing the instantaneous demand of pulsed equipment without requiring the compressor itself to track the pulse.","md",{},true,"\u002Fglossary\u002Fair-receiver-surge-tank",[74,149,150],"sonic-horn","solenoid-valve",{"title":152,"description":153},"Air receiver and surge tank — pressure-stabilising buffer for sonic-horn pulse demand","An air receiver buffers the pulse demand of sonic horns from the upstream compressor. Correct sizing prevents SPL drop-off during multi-horn firing cycles.",[155],{"title":156,"url":157},"Wikipedia — Compressed air","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCompressed_air","glossary\u002Fair-receiver-surge-tank","Air receiver and surge tank","-Nil5gd__8QNE3zxpKAUm1-eMhDFu56n1ScnYvW8VAA",[162,261,501],{"id":163,"title":123,"aliases":164,"body":168,"category":247,"description":248,"extension":144,"meta":249,"navigation":146,"path":73,"relatedTerms":250,"seo":253,"sources":256,"stem":258,"term":259,"__hash__":260},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fcompressed-air.md",[165,166,167],"plant air","instrument air","compressed-air supply",{"type":53,"value":169,"toc":242},[170,175,189,201,205,217,221,224,226],[56,171,172,174],{},[60,173,123],{}," at industrial plants is delivered by an on-site compressed-air system at typical pressures of 4–10 bar. Two grades exist:",[101,176,177,183],{},[104,178,179,182],{},[60,180,181],{},"Plant air"," — general utility air; tolerant quality",[104,184,185,188],{},[60,186,187],{},"Instrument air"," — filtered and dried; for controls and precision devices",[56,190,191,195,196,200],{},[71,192,194],{"href":193},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpneumatic-acoustic-cleaner","Pneumatic acoustic cleaners"," tolerate plant air for most service but specifying instrument air or dried plant air improves ",[71,197,199],{"href":198},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fdiaphragm-horn","diaphragm"," life.",[77,202,204],{"id":203},"consumption","Consumption",[56,206,207,208,211,212,216],{},"A typical industrial ",[71,209,210],{"href":85},"sonic horn"," consumes 8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin during a 5–15 second firing burst at 4–7 bar ",[71,213,215],{"href":214},"\u002Fglossary\u002Foperating-pressure","operating pressure",". On a 5-minute firing cycle this averages 0.3–1.0 Nm³\u002Fmin continuous draw per horn. Multi-horn arrays must be sized against the simultaneous-firing case.",[77,218,220],{"id":219},"air-receiver-and-regulation","Air receiver and regulation",[56,222,223],{},"A correctly-sized air receiver buffers the horn's pulse demand from the compressor. Under-sized receivers cause SPL drop-off during multi-horn firing — a common engineering error on initial installations.",[77,225,116],{"id":115},[101,227,228,233,238],{},[104,229,230],{},[71,231,232],{"href":193},"Pneumatic acoustic cleaner",[104,234,235],{},[71,236,237],{"href":214},"Operating pressure",[104,239,240],{},[71,241,134],{"href":133},{"title":136,"searchDepth":137,"depth":137,"links":243},[244,245,246],{"id":203,"depth":137,"text":204},{"id":219,"depth":137,"text":220},{"id":115,"depth":137,"text":116},"kpis-measurements","Compressed air at industrial plants is delivered by an on-site compressed-air system at typical pressures of 4–10 bar. Two grades exist:",{},[251,252,150],"pneumatic-acoustic-cleaner","operating-pressure",{"title":254,"description":255},"Compressed air — utility supply that drives industrial sonic horns","Compressed air at 4–7 bar from plant or instrument-air systems drives industrial sonic horns. Consumption typically 8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin during a firing burst.",[257],{"title":156,"url":157},"glossary\u002Fcompressed-air","Compressed air (industrial)","VK3MuZQNNI5xSm-qw2mupwMxEqfDJo8fJ7Y70fxO-UM",{"id":262,"title":128,"aliases":263,"body":267,"category":476,"description":477,"extension":144,"meta":478,"navigation":146,"path":85,"relatedTerms":479,"seo":486,"sources":489,"stem":499,"term":128,"__hash__":500},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-horn.md",[264,265,266],"sonic horns","sonic cleaning horn","industrial sonic horn",{"type":53,"value":268,"toc":469},[269,302,306,313,317,385,389,426,430,438,440],[56,270,271,272,274,275,279,280,66,284,66,288,66,292,296,297,301],{},"A ",[60,273,210],{}," is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of ",[71,276,278],{"href":277},"\u002Fglossary\u002Facoustic-cleaner","acoustic cleaner"," and the default specification for cleaning ",[71,281,283],{"href":282},"\u002Fglossary\u002Felectrostatic-precipitator","ESPs",[71,285,287],{"href":286},"\u002Fglossary\u002Ffabric-filter","baghouses",[71,289,291],{"href":290},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fselective-catalytic-reduction","SCR catalysts",[71,293,295],{"href":294},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsuperheater","boiler heat-transfer surfaces"," and ",[71,298,300],{"href":299},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhopper","hoppers and silos",".",[77,303,305],{"id":304},"how-a-sonic-horn-works","How a sonic horn works",[56,307,308,309,312],{},"Compressed plant air admitted through a ",[71,310,311],{"href":133},"solenoid valve"," drives a metal diaphragm — typically titanium or 316 stainless — into resonant oscillation at the horn's fundamental frequency. The oscillating pressure field is amplified by an exponential bell horn and projected into the vessel as a near-spherical sound wave. Particulate already deposited on internal surfaces receives an oscillating acceleration that overcomes adhesion; loosened material is then carried out with the gas flow before it can sinter, bridge or bond. Because the cleaning is acoustic and non-contact, the horn can fire while the plant is online without tube erosion, refractory damage or thermal shock.",[77,314,316],{"id":315},"key-parameters","Key parameters",[318,319,320,333],"table",{},[321,322,323],"thead",{},[324,325,326,330],"tr",{},[327,328,329],"th",{},"Parameter",[327,331,332],{},"Typical range",[334,335,336,345,353,361,369,377],"tbody",{},[324,337,338,342],{},[339,340,341],"td",{},"Fundamental frequency",[339,343,344],{},"60–400 Hz",[324,346,347,350],{},[339,348,349],{},"Sound pressure level",[339,351,352],{},"140–180 dB",[324,354,355,358],{},[339,356,357],{},"Compressed-air consumption",[339,359,360],{},"8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin at 4–7 bar",[324,362,363,366],{},[339,364,365],{},"Operating temperature (with appropriate materials)",[339,367,368],{},"−40 °C to +500 °C",[324,370,371,374],{},[339,372,373],{},"Firing cycle",[339,375,376],{},"5–15 s burst, repeated every 3–15 minutes",[324,378,379,382],{},[339,380,381],{},"Mass",[339,383,384],{},"15–60 kg depending on horn size",[77,386,388],{"id":387},"frequency-selection","Frequency selection",[56,390,391,392,66,396,400,401,66,405,409,410,66,413,417,418,296,422,301],{},"Lower frequencies (60–125 Hz) project longer wavelengths and penetrate further into large open vessels — ",[71,393,395],{"href":394},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fpreheater-cyclone","preheater cyclones",[71,397,399],{"href":398},"\u002Fglossary\u002Frecovery-boiler","recovery-boiler superheaters",", large ",[71,402,404],{"href":403},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fesp-field-bus-section","ESP fields",[71,406,408],{"href":407},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsilo","silos",". Higher frequencies (230–400 Hz) carry more energy per unit volume and suit finer dust loads in ",[71,411,412],{"href":286},"fabric-filter compartments",[71,414,416],{"href":415},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhoneycomb-catalyst","catalyst layers"," and smaller hopper geometries. See ",[71,419,421],{"href":420},"\u002Fglossary\u002Flow-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","low-frequency acoustic cleaner",[71,423,425],{"href":424},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fhigh-frequency-acoustic-cleaner","high-frequency acoustic cleaner",[77,427,429],{"id":428},"sonic-horn-vs-steam-sootblower","Sonic horn vs steam sootblower",[56,431,432,433,437],{},"Sonic horns are increasingly specified alongside or in place of ",[71,434,436],{"href":435},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsteam-sootblower","steam sootblowers"," because they consume no boiler-grade steam, cause no tube erosion, require almost no moving parts and can fire every few minutes without operator intervention. They are less effective on hard, fused slag than retractable steam lances, so on furnace waterwalls and high-temperature superheaters they typically complement rather than replace mechanical cleaning.",[77,439,116],{"id":115},[101,441,442,447,453,459,464],{},[104,443,444],{},[71,445,446],{"href":277},"Acoustic cleaner",[104,448,449],{},[71,450,452],{"href":451},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fsonic-sootblower","Sonic sootblower",[104,454,455],{},[71,456,458],{"href":457},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fbell-horn","Bell horn",[104,460,461],{},[71,462,463],{"href":198},"Diaphragm horn",[104,465,466],{},[71,467,468],{"href":420},"Low-frequency acoustic cleaner",{"title":136,"searchDepth":137,"depth":137,"links":470},[471,472,473,474,475],{"id":304,"depth":137,"text":305},{"id":315,"depth":137,"text":316},{"id":387,"depth":137,"text":388},{"id":428,"depth":137,"text":429},{"id":115,"depth":137,"text":116},"core-technology","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven sound emitter that produces high-intensity, low-frequency sound waves — typically between 60 and 400 Hz at sound pressure levels of 140 to 180 dB — used to dislodge particulate fouling from inside industrial process equipment. Sonic horns are the most common form of acoustic cleaner and the default specification for cleaning ESPs, baghouses, SCR catalysts, boiler heat-transfer surfaces and hoppers and silos.",{},[480,481,482,483,484,485],"acoustic-cleaner","acoustic-cleaning-system","sonic-sootblower","bell-horn","diaphragm-horn","low-frequency-acoustic-cleaner",{"title":487,"description":488},"Sonic horn — definition, frequency, SPL and industrial applications","A sonic horn is a pneumatically-driven low-frequency sound emitter (typically 60–400 Hz at 140–180 dB SPL) used to dislodge particulate fouling from boilers, ESPs, baghouses and process vessels.",[490,493,496],{"title":491,"url":492},"Power Engineering — Sonic Horns: A User's Introduction","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Fsonic-horns-a-userrsquos-introduction\u002F",{"title":494,"url":495},"Power Engineering — Tuning in to Acoustic Cleaning","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.power-eng.com\u002Fcoal\u002Ftuning-in-to-acoustic-cleaning\u002F",{"title":497,"url":498},"Wikipedia — Sonic soot blowers","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSonic_soot_blowers","glossary\u002Fsonic-horn","YzrhN0kKzqSaQo0wfn0rueNZ-V43mcg5zahqeWi3lnU",{"id":502,"title":134,"aliases":503,"body":507,"category":142,"description":606,"extension":144,"meta":607,"navigation":146,"path":133,"relatedTerms":608,"seo":610,"sources":613,"stem":617,"term":618,"__hash__":619},"glossary\u002Fglossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve.md",[504,505,506],"pilot valve","sonic horn solenoid","quick-exhaust valve",{"type":53,"value":508,"toc":601},[509,525,529,532,573,577,580,582],[56,510,271,511,513,514,516,517,521,522,524],{},[60,512,311],{}," is the electrically-actuated pilot device that admits compressed air to a ",[71,515,210],{"href":85}," on command from the ",[71,518,520],{"href":519},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fcycle-controller-sequencer","cycle controller",". The valve opens for the programmed pulse duration (typically 5–15 seconds), letting plant air at 4–7 bar drive the horn's ",[71,523,199],{"href":198}," into resonant oscillation. When the valve closes, the air supply is cut and the horn falls silent until the next pulse.",[77,526,528],{"id":527},"specification","Specification",[56,530,531],{},"For most industrial sonic-horn installations, the solenoid valve is:",[101,533,534,549,555,561,567],{},[104,535,536,548],{},[60,537,538,542,543,547],{},[71,539,541],{"href":540},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fatex-directive","ATEX"," \u002F ",[71,544,546],{"href":545},"\u002Fglossary\u002Fiecex","IECEx"," certified"," for the local hazardous-area classification",[104,550,551,554],{},[60,552,553],{},"Sized"," for the horn's peak airflow (8–14 Nm³\u002Fmin typical)",[104,556,557,560],{},[60,558,559],{},"Quick-exhaust"," type, to allow rapid pressure drop at the end of each pulse",[104,562,563,566],{},[60,564,565],{},"Voltage-rated"," for the site's instrument-control voltage (typically 24 VDC or 110\u002F230 VAC)",[104,568,569,572],{},[60,570,571],{},"IP65 or IP66"," weatherproof if mounted externally",[77,574,576],{"id":575},"wear-and-replacement","Wear and replacement",[56,578,579],{},"The solenoid valve is the most-replaced wear part on the periphery of an industrial sonic horn — typical service life of 1–3 years before coil or seat replacement. Routine inclusion in the spares package is standard practice.",[77,581,116],{"id":115},[101,583,584,588,592,597],{},[104,585,586],{},[71,587,128],{"href":85},[104,589,590],{},[71,591,232],{"href":193},[104,593,594],{},[71,595,596],{"href":519},"Cycle controller \u002F sequencer",[104,598,599],{},[71,600,123],{"href":73},{"title":136,"searchDepth":137,"depth":137,"links":602},[603,604,605],{"id":527,"depth":137,"text":528},{"id":575,"depth":137,"text":576},{"id":115,"depth":137,"text":116},"A solenoid valve is the electrically-actuated pilot device that admits compressed air to a sonic horn on command from the cycle controller. The valve opens for the programmed pulse duration (typically 5–15 seconds), letting plant air at 4–7 bar drive the horn's diaphragm into resonant oscillation. When the valve closes, the air supply is cut and the horn falls silent until the next pulse.",{},[149,251,609,74],"cycle-controller-sequencer",{"title":611,"description":612},"Solenoid valve — pilot device admitting compressed air to a sonic horn","A solenoid valve admits compressed air to a sonic horn on command from the cycle controller. ATEX-certified for hazardous-area duty; the most-replaced wear part on the horn periphery.",[614],{"title":615,"url":616},"Wikipedia — Solenoid valve","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSolenoid_valve","glossary\u002Fsolenoid-valve","Solenoid valve (sonic horn)","tnbJRZKTMd3ej1zC_EZhmQPur6F3Nr0xjBkvvPhElDk",1782613729225]